^cCLvXv^tfO^^ \^^J*-^i^
CATALOGUE *
BIRDS
n II li I S H M U S E U iM.
VOLUME XXV.
LOXDOX: riUNTKI) ];Y OltDEll OF THE TIJUSTEES.
18U(i.
CATALOGUE
GAVIJ] AND TUBINARES
COLLECTION
BRITISH MUSEUM.
GAY IJE
(TKRNS, fJULLS, axd SKUAS)
liY
HOWARD SAUNDERS.
TUBINARES
(PETRELS AND ALBATROSSES)
BY
OSBERT SALVIN.
L 0 N T) I) X : PRINTED BY ()R])EJ{ OF THE TRUSTEES.
SOLI) HV
LON&MAXS & Co., 39 PATERXOSTER ROW; B. QUAUITCH. 15 PICCADILLY; DTLAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.; KEGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE. CHARING CROSS ROAD;
AXD AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W,
1S9«.
FlllNTED V.y TATXOE A >■ D FRANCIS,
RKD LION COURT, FI.KET STIiKET.
PREFACE.
ix has been a fortunate circumstance that for tlie preparatiuu of the present Volume the cooperation of Mr. H. Saunders and Mr. 0. iSalvin could be secured, who for many years past have made the Birds of the families of Gulls and Petrels the special subject of their respective studies. As also the collections formed by these gentlemen have been incorporated with the series in the British Museum, the latter possesses of both these groups a collection unrivalled as to its intrinsic value, if not also as to the number of species and specimens.
According to the lists given, this Collection consists now of : —
Species.
Ganie 115
Tubinares 109
Among the Tubinares only, some of the species (15) are not represented in the Collection.
Beside the many friends and correspondents who have rendered material assistance in the preparation of this Volume by the loan or gift of specimens, and who "will be enumerated in the intro- ductory remarks of the Authors, I have to refer specially to the authorities of the United States National Museum and to the Hon. AV. Rothschild, of whom the former sent important types for comparison, whilst the latter placed the whole of his rich collection at the disposal of Iho Authors.
|
Types. |
Specimens. |
|
17 |
4G49 |
|
27 |
1086 |
1 liavo :iucc(k'(l witli i)leasur(.' to the reciui'.st, of the Director of the Museum to mo through the pres8 this and the two remaining Volumes for whitli the arrangements were made during my term of office.
Finally, this would seem to be an appropriate place to pay a tribute to the numory of Henry Seebohm, by whose death, on November 26th, Urnithology has lost a most earnest and ardent student and the British Museum one of its most generous friends and benefactors. For the past fifteen years he took a deep interest in the growtli and arrangement of the Collection of Eirds in the British Museum, contributing, without stint, either from his own Collection or by special purchase, any specimens that were required to comiilete the Museum series or to aid in the preparation of the Catalogue. In the latter work he took an active part as the author of the Fifth Volume, which treated of the Warblers and Thrushes. After presenting his immense Collection of Eggs, and incorporating it with that of the Museum, he undertook and completed a Jklanuscript Catalogue of the whole. By his Will he conferred his last benefit on the Museum, bequeathing to the Trustees the entire C'ollection which at the time of his death was still in his possession.
ALBERT (itJNTHEll,
Keeper of the Zoological Department {retired'). J'.riti^h Miiseiiiu (X. 11.), December IR, 189:).
INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF GAVLE.
Few iutroductory remarks are requisite for my portiou of the present volume, inasmuch as the current opinions respecting the systematic position of the Order Gavia3 are set forth briefly — but it is to be hoped adequately — on pp. 1-3. It is, however, necessary to allude to the important collections which have been presented to the National Museum of late years, and which have so greatly facilitated the study of the Lnriclf : namely, those of the late Lord Tweeddale and of Major AVardlaw llamsay, Mr. A. 0. Hume, Mr. Henry Seebohm, and Messrs. Salvin and Godman. And it is incumbent upon me to make special reference to the energetic collectors and generous donors who have contributed largely to our knowledge of this family of birds. In the front rank of these are Admiral A. H. Markham, Commander J. K. H. MacFarlane, Staff-Pay- master H. M. Harrison, Colonel H. W. Feilden, Colonel W. V. Legge, R.A., Mr. Ernest Gibson, and Mr. John Young ; while the Hon. Walter Rotlischild placed his entire collection at my disposal. Nor must the names of Lord Lilford, Professor D. Gill, Messrs. W. T. Blanford, J. A. Harvie-Brown, Gervase Mathew, R.N., S. F. Rowland, and G. Stephen be omitted. For the loan of specimens and much 'assistance in the United States, thanks are due to the authorities at the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. William Brewster and Dr. C. Hart Merriara. I am also under obligation to Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant for their ready co-operation during the two years spent in working at the Museum.
HOWARD SAUXDKRS. 7 Radnor Place, W., Julv oU, 18'.);").
INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF TUBINAKES.
I
U I' WARDS of twenty years liave passed since I began to pay special attention to the Petrels, and during that time, with Mr. Godman, collected all the available specimens we came across. But the amassing anything like a good scries of skins of these birds proved a very slow process. Our chief acquisition, by exchange, was the greater part of the collection formed by the late John Gould, whose early interest in the Petrels generally is M'cll-known, and was con- tinued after he parted with his Australian collection. Amongst the specimens thus accjuired by us were many of great interest, as will be seen in the following pages. Another valuable series of Petrels was most kindly given to us in 1883 by Admiral A. H. Markham, having been formed by him when in command of H.M.lS. ' Tiiumph ' on the Pacific Station. This collection contained the types of Oceano- (Iroma inarkhami, Salv., and Diomedea irrorata, Salv., the last a remarkable Albatros from the coast of Peru, of which the type still remains the only known example. The whole of our series was handed over to the British Museum in 1888.
The Museum Collection, apart from that added by us, is a rich one and includes the spoils of several important Government Expe- ditions. Of these I may mention the following : — The Antarctic Expedition of H.M.SS. ' Erebus ' and ' Terror ' under Sir James Koss ; the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake,' the naturalist of which was John Macgillivray ; the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Herald,' naturalist ¥. M. Rayner. Then came the Transit of Venus Expedition to Kerguclen Land, resulting in a collection of Petrels and interesting notes on them by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, forming a large part of Dr. Bowdler Sharpe's article on tlic Birds of the island published in I he • Philosophical Transactions,' vol. 168. The voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' produced a most valuable collection of Petrels' skins, spirit specimens and eggs, tl\e first of which were named Ijy myself,
X INTRODUCTION.
and the second formed the basis of the late \V. A. Forbes's memoir on the anatomy of the Tubinares, both published in the ' Challenger' Report. Lasth', Dr. Coppinger secured when in H.M.S. ' Alert ' skins of several interesting species of this Order.
Of other considerable collections added to the Museum I may mention that of the late Dr. R. McCormick, who accompanied Sir James Ross, and whose collection, bequeathed to the Trustees, forms a valuable addition to the Antarctic series of Petrel skins. The late Harry Berkeley James also left to the Museum a good series of specimens of Chilian species. Mr. H. Seebohm, with his usual liberality, presented the whole of his series of these birds, which consists chiefly of representatives of the species of the North Pacific Ocean, from the neighbourhood of Japan and the Benin Islands to certain islands in mid-ocean. Another important series was secured by the Earl of Crawford, mostly in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans. The Museum has also been enriched by many other donations of greater or less extent, amongst which I may mention the series of Petrels obtained by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie- Grant on the islands near Madeira, and by the same gentleman in company with the Hon. C. Baring during a second visit to the same islands, when they established the fact of the presence of Oceano- droma cryptoleucura on Porto Santo Island and Great Salvage Island, its previous known domicile being the Hawaiian and Galapagos Archipelagos in the far distant Pacific Ocean. They also discovered Pelagodroma marina, previously supposed to be a straggler from the South Seas, breeding in numbers on Great Salvage Island. Besides the Museum specimens immediately before me, I have, as oppor- tunity offered, examined those in the Leyden, Berlin, Vienna, and Paris Museums, and I have also had the advantage of the loan of the types of Peale and Dr. Coues, and some of those of Mr. Ridg- way, through the kindness of the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. I have also had before me the very interesting types described by Signer Giglioli and Count Salvadori, which were obtained by the first-named gentleman when on board the Italian frigate ' Magenta " during her voyage round the World.
The Hon. Walter Rothschild lent me the whole of his large collection of Petrels, including the types of the species recently
INTKODUCXION. XI
described by him, and this series has been of material use to me. I have also examined the collection in the University of Cambridge and that of Canon Tristram, both helping to elucidate points of interest.
Dr. Elliott Coues's papers on the FroceUariidd', ])ublishtd in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in 1864 and 1866, give the first serious attempt to classify these birds Avith proper definitions ; Bonaparte's previous essays in 1855 and 1856 being of a cursory character and often misleading. Dr. Coues's Monographs, though perhaps too much influenced by Bonaparte's writings, must always be consulted by those wishing to master the intricacies of this complicated subject.
OSBERT SALVIX.
Hawksfold, Fernburst, Sussex, November 3, 1895.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Ordrr XIII. G A \- I .E.
Fam. I. L A R I D ^. Subfani. 1. Sternin^.
Page
1. Ilydrocbelidon, Boie .... 5
1. leucoptera (Memi^r lV
Sc/iinz) (!, 456
2. hybrida (Prt/Z.) .. 10,450
;'.. nigra (Z.) 17
4. suriuameiisis (Gm.) . . 20
2. I'haethiisa, Wagh-r 23
1. niagnirostris [Licht.). . 23
3. Gelofihelidon, Brehm .... 25
1. anglica (J/o«i;.) .. 25,456
4. Ilydroprogne, Kauj} .... 32
1. ca.spia {Pall.) 32
5. Seena, Bhjth 37
1. aurantia {J. E.
Gray) 37,456
6. Rterua, L 40
1. melauogasler,
Temm 43, 456
2. fm-steri, ^hdtall 46
3. albistriata ((?. R. Gray) 48
4. virgata. Cab 50
5. vittata, Gm 51, 456
6. hirundinacea, Less. . . 52
7. fluviatilis, Naum. . 54, 457
8. macrura, Naum 62
9. longipennis, Nordm. 67, 457
10. albigena, Licht 69
11. dougalli, Mont 70
12. cantiaca, Gm 75
13. maxima, Bodd 80
14. elegans, Gambel 84
15. eurvgnatba, Saunders . 85
16. media, Horsfield 86
17. bergii, Licht 89
18. bernsteiui, Schley 96
19. frontalis, G. ' R.
Gray 97, 457
20. aleutica, Baird 98
21. limata, Peale 100
22. anffistheta, Scop.. . 101, 457
23. fuligino.sa, Gm. . . 106, 457
24. balffinanim, -S/nc/.-/. ..Ill
25. nereis {Gould) 112
26. sinensis, Gm 113
27. miniita, L 116, 457
28. saundersi, ifwi/if . 120,457
29. autillarum {Lf'.'<s.) 122
30. superciliaris, Vieill. . . 124
31. lorata, Phil. ^- Landh. . 126
32. melanaucheu, Temm. . 126
33. trudeaaii, Auduh 130
7. Naenia, Boie 132
1 inca {Less.) 132
8. Procelsterna, Lnfresn. . . 133
1. csiru\(iVi{F.L).Be7inett) 133
2. cinerea {Gould) 135
9. Anous, Stejjh 136
1. stolidus (i.) 1.36
2. galapagensis, Sharpe. . 143
10. Micranous, Saunders .... 143
1. tenuirostris
{Temni.) 144,457
2. leucocapillus (Gould) . 145
3. hawaiiensis {Rothsch.). 148
11. Gygis, Wagler 149
1* Candida {Gm.) 149
2. microrhyncha, Saunders 152
Siibfam. 2. Rhyxchopin.?:.
12. Rhynchops, L 152, 457
1 . nigra, L ] 53
2. intercedens, Saunders . 155
3. melanura, Swains 156
4. flavirostris, Tleill 158
5. albicollis, Sivaijis 159
Subfam. 3. L.\rix.e.
13. Xema, Leach 161
1 sabiuii {J. Sabi/ie) .... 162 2. furcata (Xeboux) .... 165
14. Rhodostethia, Macyill. . . 167
1. rosea {Macyill.) 167
15. Larus, L 169
1. minutus, Pall 173
2. ichthyaetus. Pall 176
3. melanocephalus, Natt. 180
4. saiiudersi {Swinh.) . . 183
5. Philadelphia {Ord) .. 185
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
6. serranus, Tsch 188
7. frankliui, Sxcains 191
8. atricilla, L 194
9. cirrhocephalus, Vieill. . 198
10. maciilipennis, Licht. . . '200
11. glaucodes, Mei/en .... 203
12. vidibundus, i.' . . 207, 457
13. brunneicephalus,
Jerd 215, 458
14. leucoplithalmus, Temm. 219
15. hemprichi {Bnich) . . 221 1(1. fiiliginosus, Gould. . . . 222
17. modestus, Tsch 223
18. heermanni, Cass 225
19. belcheri, Viffors 226
20. crassirostris, Vieill. 227, 468
21. gelastes, Thienem 230
22. bulleri, Hutton 233
23. novffi-hollandise, Steph. 236
24. scopulinus, Gray .... 238
25. hartlaubi [Bruch) 240
26. marinus, L 241, 458
27. doininicanus, Licht. . . 245
28. fiiscus, L 250
29. affinis, Reinh 254
30. occidentalis, Auduh. . . 257
31. schistisagus, Stejneg. . . 258
32. argentatus, i. ..260,458
33. cachinDan.", Pall 266
34. Tegse, Palmen 269
35. audouini, Payr 271
36. delawarensis, Ord. . . 273
37. califoinicus, Laicr. . . 276
38. canus, L 277
39. brach3n-hynchus, Rich. . 283
40. glaucescens, Nauru. . . 284
41. nelsoni, Henshaio .... 287
42. kumlieni, Breivster . . 288
43. glaucus, Brilnn. . . 289, 458
44. leucopterus, Faber. . . . 295
16. Gabianus, Bnich 297
1. paciticus {Lath.) 297
17. Leucophseus, Bruch .... 299
1. scoresbii (Traill) 299
18. Pagopbila, Kauj) 301
1. ebiirnea [Phipps) .... 301
19. Rissa, Sfeph 305
1. tridactyla (i.) . . 306, 458
2. brevirostris {Bnich) . . 312
Fam. II. Stercobabiid.?:.
1. Megalestris, Bp 314
1. catarrhactes (Z.) . 315, 458
2. chileiisis (Bp.) 318
3. antarctica (Less.) .... 319
4. maccormicki (Saimd.) . 321 2. Stercorarius, Briss 322
1. pomatorbiuus
{Tem7n.) 322,458
2. crepidatus {Banks) 327,458
3. parasiticus (L.) 334
Older XIV. T U B I N A R E S.
Fam. I. Procellariid^.
Subfam. ]. Procellariin^.
1. Procellaria, Z 343
1. pelagica, L 343
2. tethys, Bp 346
2. Halocyptena, Cones .... 346
1. microsoma, Coues .... 340
3. Oceanodronia, Reich 347
1. leucorrhoa ( 77et7/.) .. 348
2. cryptoleucura, Ridgxc. 350
3. macrodactyla, Bryant . 351
4. socorroensis, Toicns. . . 352
5. fuliginosa (Gm.) .... 352
6. melania {Bp.) 35.')
7. markhami (Salv.) .... 354
8. tristrami, Stejn 354
9. homochroa {Coues) . . 355
10. monorliis (Sicinh.) . . 356
11. hornbyi {Gray) 356
12. furcata (Gm.) 367
Subfam. 2. Oceanitinje.
4. Oceanites, Keys, i^- Bias. . 358
1. oceanicus (Kiihl) .... 358
2. gracilis (Elliot) 361
5. Garrodia, Forbes 361
1. nereis ( Gould) 361
6. Pelagodroma, Reich 362
1. marina (Lath.) 362
7. Pelea, Ridgw 364
1. lineata (Pea/?) 364
8. Cymodroma, Ridyw 364
1 . melanogaster ( Gould) . 364
2. grallaria ( Vieill.) .... 366
3. albigidaris (Finsch) . . 367_
4. moestissima {Sale.) . . 367
Fam. II. P r F F I N I D je. Subfam. 1. Puffinin^.
1. Puffinus, Brisson 368
^1. leucomelas, Temm. . . 370 2. cuneatus, {^'alv 371
.v>
K^X
SYSTEMATIC IXDKX.
3 Jr
-■^. bulleri, 5«/,. ^^f
-^4. cliloioiliynchus, Zft«.'?. . .'{72 —5. fj-iavis ((fUcillt/) . . ' ." .-^73
—0. kiihli (77ai"e) ." 0--
-7. creatopus, f 'o?<e« . . _ _" 37IJ 8. angloi-um (7('wi?H.) ! ." 377 •>. yelkouanus (Acerbi)
10. opisthonielas, C'owe*
11. auriciilaris, 7o?rws.
12. gavia (/cj/%si'.)
13. persicus, Hume 381
14. obscurus (Gm.) .' 3^2
Jo. a.s.«imilis, Gould '3^4
16. e\ecr^m,G{gl. ^- Salvad. 385 U. carneipe.s, Gould . 335
18. oTiseus (<?,«.) 38g
ly. tenmrostris (Temm.) . . 388 SO.iiativitatis, Streets . . 38{) ■ Priofiuus, Hombr. ^- Jacq. 390
1. cinereus {Gm.) 39(3;
379
380 380 381
3. Thalassceca, Reich. .
1. antarctica ((?;«.) . . .
4. Priocella, Hombr. ^- Jacq.
1. glaeialoides (Smith) . . o. Majaqueu.*, lieich.
392
392-
393
393'
395
395 •
397.'
397: 399:
ffiquinoclialis (Z.) . 2. parkinsoni {Grau). 6. (Estrelata, Z>. .....
1. macroptera (Smith)
2. aterrinia, Bp 401.
3. lessoni ( r/arwo^J . 401
4. hcesitata (Euhl) ' 402
6. jamaicensis (Bancroft) 403 , 6. rostrata (Peale) 404
7. parvirostris (Peale) . 405
8. incerta (&-^/.) 405
9. mollis (Gould) ... " 40G
10. ni&gentiB,Giffl. ^- Salvd. 407
11. phffiopygia, ,Salv. . . 407
12. brevipes (Peale) 4O8
13. hypoleiica, Salv. . . . 409
14. nigripennis, Pothsch. . 409
15. brevirostris (Less.) ..^ 409 1
16. solandri (Gould) 410 '
17. externa, <SW/i\ .... 411 I
18. cervicalis, Salv. . 411
19. neglecta (Schl.) \ 412 {
20. arminjoniana, Gigl. S,-
Salvad. 4^3
21. trinitatis, Gii/i. ' '^■
.- ■ Salvad. 413'
22. heraldica, Salv. '. [ . . ' ' 414
23. gularis (Peale) 414
24. fisheri, Ridffw [ 415
25. scaJaris, Br'eivst 416
26. leucoptera (Gould) ." 416
27. defilippiana, Gir/l. 4- ^^^ Salvad. . ' 41^
28. cooki((?,Y,^)" ::;;;;;; 417
29. longn-o.stri.s, Stejn 4I8
^ 30. axilJans, Salv. 413
7. Pagodroma, Bp .' .' 419
1. iiivea (Gm.) ' ' 419
8. Pulweria, Bp [ 490
1. bulweri (Jard.) ...... 490
2. macg-illivraji ( Gray) . 421
Subfam. 2. Fulmarin^.
9. Ossifraga, Hombr. 4- Jacq. 422
.^^ 1- gigantea (Gm.) 422
i^^. tulmarus, Steph 4->4
1. glacialis (L.) ' ' 42.5
2. glupischa, Stejn. . . . 427
3. rodgersi, Cassin 4-^7
11. T)a.f tion, Steph. .. ' 403
1 capensis(Z.) '//, 4^3
J 2. Halobsena, Is. Geoff r. 431
1. ceerule^ (Gm.) 431
io. i^iion, Lacep 43^
1. vittatus (Gm.) .....] 4.32
2. banksi, 6r'oM/rf ' 434
3. desolatus (G>n.) . . . 434
4. arid, G^owW '435
Fam. III. Pelecanoidid^."'
1. Pelecanoides, Lacej) 437
1. urinatrix ^r;'ii, ^ ' .<ot
unnatrix (&'?».) 2. exsiil, Salv.
437
„ - . 438
3. garnoti (Less.) 4.39
Fam. IV. DioMEDEiDjE. 1. Diomedea, Z 44Q
1. exulan.«, Z. ...... 44 j
2. regia, Bul/er . . .' .' .' .' .' .' 443
3. chionoptera, Sah: . ' 44'{
4. albatrus, Pallas . . 444
5. irrorata, Salv 44.5
6. nigripes, Aud. .' 445
7. immutabilis, Pothsch. 44(i
8. melanoplirvs, Tem)n 447 9 bulleri, Pothsch. .... 448
^. llialassogeron, i?/o',/;,.. 449
1. caiitus (Gould) ." 449
2. salvini, Pothsch 450
3. la.vardi, Salv 459
4. culniinatus (Gould) .' " 451 5 chlororhjncliiis ((?,«.) 451
3. Fiicebetria, Peich 4,53
1. fuliginosa (Gtn.) . . . ' 4,53
Appendix to Tubinares 45.5
CATALOGUE
,B I R D S.
Order XIII. GAVIyE.
The Skuas, Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers, which make up the above Order, were formerly united by many authors with the Petrels ; but Nitzsch, after showing (' Pterylography,' 1840) that in their pter}'losis the Gaviae closely approached the LimicoL'e, I'estricted to the Gaviae the name Longipennes and placed the Petrels in the separate Order Tubinares. Mr. P. L. Sclater, who edited Nitzsch's great work for the Ray Society in 1807, was naturally influenced by that author's views, and in a paper entitled ' The present state of the Systema Avium' (Ibis, 1880, p. 409), he enunciated his reasons for placing the Gulls &c. in the Order Gaviae ( = Longipennes, Nitzsch) : the Petrels forming the Order Tubinares next ill succession. This is not the place for the discussion of the views of later writers Avith regard to the degrees of relationship of the Gaviaj to the Limicolae on the one side, and to the Alcidte on the other ; but it may fairly be said that on the whole there has been a tendency to remove the Tubinares to a still greater distance from the Gavia>. There are, however, some exceptions. Dr. A. Reichenow (' Die Vogcl der zoologischen Giirten,' i. p. 17, 1882) includes three families — Procellariida', Laridce, and Sfernidce — in his Order Longipennes ; while Dr. Elliott Cones considers the Gaviae and Tubinares as forming suborders of the same.
Considering the Gaviae equivalent to Longipennes as restricted by Nitzsch, Sclater, and others, this Order has frequently been taken to consist of one Family — Larid<v ; divided into four subtamilies — Stercorariino' (Skuas), Larincr. (Gulls), Sterniiut' (Terns), and
VOL. XXV. B
Bhijncliojnnce (Skimmers). Dr. Cones, in his Monograph of the North- American Larida' (' Birds of the North-West,' pp. 589-717, 1874), says (p. 592) that " the liliynchop'ma are in every respect true Terns except in the feature of the unique bill." He adds : — "Examination of the internal characters of the four subfamilies, Lestridina> [ = Stercorainince^, Larhia; Siernince, and Rhyncliopinm, demonstrates that the first and second and the third and fourth are more nearly related to each other than are the second and third.'" This arrange- ment of the four subfamilies is maintained by Dr. Coues in his ' Key to North-American Birds,' 2nd ed. (1884). The compilers of the American Ornithologists' Code and Check-List, pp. 84-97 (1886), ■went further, and, while restricting their Longipeunes to the Gavige, they divided this Order into three families — Stercorariidcv , Laridce (subfamilies Larince and Sternince), and Rliiincl^opida' . These three families are also adopted by Mr. Ridgway in his ' Manual of North- American Birds,' p. 20 (1887). They are upheld by Dr. Shufeldt in his papers " Comparative Osteological Notes on the Extinct Bird Ichthyornis" (Journ. Anat. & Phys. xxvii. pp. 336-342) and "On the Classification of the Longipennes " (Amer. Nat. 1893, pp. 233- 237). He considers that " BhyncJiops is, in some of its osteological characters, notably in the skull, the vertebral chain and pelvis, not very unlike the fossil cretaceous bird IcJitJiyornis." He is, more- over, of opinion that the Stercorariidce " stand between the Laridce and the MhyncJiopidci', being more nearly related to the first-named than they are to the Skimmers.'' These views are deserving of con- sideration and may eventually prove to be correct, but at present the evidence seems insufiicient to justify their adoption in this volume.
Dr. Coues has, however, clearly shown the important characters in which the Stercorarvidcp differ from the Laridce (points which seemed to have escaped some later writers), and I have no hesita- tion in accepting these two as families. They have been adopted as subdivisions by Dr. E.. Bowdler Sharpe in his ' Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds,' p. 72 (1891) ; and I further agree with him that, for the present, it is undesirable to elevate the Rhynclio- pince to the rank of a third family.
In these introductory remarks the references have been carefully restricted to those writers whose works had a very direct bearing upon the classification of this Order ; but I am also indebted to the treatises of Professors Huxley and Newton, the late A. Garrod and W. A. Forbes, Drs. Piirbringer, Gadow, and Stejneger, Mr. Seebohm and others, in addition to the authorities already cited — and, among the last, especially to Dr. Elliott Coues.
Older GAVIiE.
Palate schizognathous.
Nasals schizorhinal.
Basipterygoid processes absent.
Front toes entirely connected by webs.
Wing aquiutocubital, i. e. the fifth secondary wanting.
Bill simple, except in the subfamily Itliynchopince.
CeiTical vertebrae fifteen.
Coraco-humeral groove distinct.
Furcula with hypocleidium.
Primaries : ten large and visible, one minute and concealed.
Aftershaft to the contour-feather present.
Spinal feather-tract: well defined on the neck by lateral bare tracts, and forked on the upper back.
Bectrices twelve.
Oil-gland tufted.
Hypotarsus with two grooves.
Young covered with down when hatched, and able to run in a short time.
Eggs seldom, if ever, exceeding three in number ; spotted or scrolled with dark colours on a white, buff, or olivaceous ground.
Synopsis of the Families.
I. Bill without a cere ; sternum with two
notches on each side of the posterior margin ; toes partially or fully webbed ; claws feeble or moderate Laridae, p. 3.
II. Bill with a cere ; tip of the upper
mandible hooked ; sternum with only one notch on each side of the posterior margin ; cseca much larger than in Laridcf ; toes fully webbed, furnished with large, strong, hooked and sharp claws Stercorariidae, p. 314.
Family I. LARIDiE.
Key to the Subfamilies.
Bill straight, rather slender, both mandiblea of about equal length (paragnathous) ; pterylosis perfectly Scolopacine ; tail slightly or distinctly forked STUJiyiN.^, p. 4.
B 2
h. Bill with the mandibles much compressed, the upper freely movable, the under con- siderably exceeding the upper in length [p. 152. (hypognathous) ; pterylosis as in Sterna . . RRYNCHOPIN^,
c. Bill with the upper mandible long-er and bent down over the tip of the inferior one (epi- gnathous) ; tail usually square, seldom forked, exceptionally cuueate LAEIN^, p. 161.
Subfamily I. STERNIN^E.
Key to the Genera.
a. Tail from nearly square to deeply forked. a'. Head without prolonged plumes at the gape. a". Tail-feathers rounded or slightly point- ed ; tail short, less than half the length of wing. a'". Bill small, the culmen less than twice the length of tarsus ; feet feeble ; webs between toes consider- ably indented
6'". Bill very large and stout, culmen more than twice the length of the tarsus; feet moderately strong; webs
only shghtly indented
Outer tail-feathers longest, pointed. c'". Tarsus very long, exceeding middle toe and claw ; bill robust, obtuse ; tail less than half the length of the
b".
[p. 5. 1. Hydrochelidon,
2. Phaethusa, p. 23.
d'". Tarsus short, less than middle toe and claw. a^. Tail very short, less than one third of the wing; bill exceptionally
stout and deep
b*. Tail very long, more than three fourths of the wing ; bill stout,
the genys very short
c*. Tail at least half — and generally more than half — the length of the wing ; bill compressed and slender ; tarsus generally shorter than — and never exceeding — the middle toe
with the claw
b'. Head with conspicuously prolonged plumes at the gape ; bill stout, culmeu decurved ; tail slightly forked, the two outer pairs of
rectrices nearly equal in length
b. Tail graduated, feathers pointed, the outer
pair of rectrices shorter than the next pair.
c'. Foot very long, the middle toe and claw
exceeding the exposed culmen in length ;
the second pair of rectrices from the
outside the longest ; general colour grey.
[p. 25. 8. Gelochelidon,
[p. 32. 4. Hydroprogne,
5. Seena, p. 37.
6. Sterna, p. 41.
7. N.ENIA, p. 132.
[p. 133. S. Procelsterna,
1. HTDEOCHELIDON. 5
d'. Middle toe and claw shorter than exposed culm en. c". Bill strong, dectirvcd ; distance from
the angle of the genys to the tip less
than that to the gape ; the fourth pair
of rectrices from the outside the
longest 9. Angus, p. 136.
(■/". Bill slender and long ; the distance
from the angle of the genys longer
than that to the gape; third pair of
rectrices from the outside the longest. 10. MicRANotrs, p. 143. e". Bill stout at the base, pointed ; culmen
almost straight or slightly upcurved ;
plumage pure white ; toes slender, the
middle toe abnormally long ; webs
deeply indented 11. Gygis, p. 149.
1. HYDROCHELIDON.
Type.
Ilydrochelidon, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. .563 H. nigra.
Viralva, Stephens, in S/icno^s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 166
(1826) H. nigra.
Telodes, Kaup, Naturl. Sijst. p. 107 (1829) H. hybrida.
Range. Temperate portions of North America ; Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand ; occasionally South America in winter. Nesting in marshes, on tussocks or floating vegetation.
Key to the Species.
a. Black or dark grey below (summer plumage). a'. Upper tail-coverts and tail white; under-
parts black as far as the vent ; under wing- coverts black ; coverts along carpal joint
white to a considerable extent leucoptera, p. 6.
b' . Upper tail-coverts and tail grey.
a" . Bill orange-red (blood-red in life) ; chin and sides of face white ; throat and breast grey, passing into blackish grey on the abdomen ; under wing-coverts white . . hybrida, p. 10. b" . Bill black ; chin and sides of the face black, like the underparts : under wing- coverts pale grey. a'". Underparts to vent dark lead-grey . . nigra, p. 17. h'" . Underparts veiy deep black ; line along the edge of carpals conspicuously white mrinamensis, p. 20.
b. White below (winter plumage and young). [p. 8.
c . Tail white leucoptera ad. hiem.,
d'. Tail grey.
c". Rump grey, like the back.
c'". Larger : bill stouter ; feet with the
webs much incised h/brida, p. 14.
d'". Smaller : bill more slender ; feet with I nigra, p. 19.
webs less incised ( s)irina7nensis, p. 20.
d' . Ilump white, in contrast with the grey
of the back and tail leucoptera ]\.\\ ., p. 8.
1. Hydrochelidon leucoptera.
? L'llirondelle de mer cendree, Briss. Oni. vi. p. 210 (1760 : juv.). ? L'Hirondelle de mer tachet^e, £riss. Om. vi. p. 216, pi. xx. iig. 2
(1760: juv.). ? Sterna fissipes, Zinn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766: S. Europe); P. i. S. Midler, S. N. p. 354 (1773) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 610 (1788). ? Sterna ufevia, P. L. S. Midler [nee Linn.'], S. N. p. 353 (1773) ;
Gm. S. N. i. p. 609 (1788). ? Cinereous Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 363 (1785). ? Sterna cinerea, Gm. S. N. i. p. 607 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Om. p. 808
(1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 167 (1819) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 6-59 (1846). Sterna fissipes, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 338 (1811 : Don to
Ob) ; Aijres, Ibis, 1871, p. 267 (Transvaal). Sterna leucoptera, Meisner ^ Schinz, Vog. Schiueiz, p. 264 (1815) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 483 (1815) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 747 (1820) ;
Vieill. Enc. Method, i. p. 348 (1820) ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii.
p. 676 (1822) ; Lickt. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823 : Nubia) ; Wernei;
Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 12 (1828) ; Vieill. F. Franqaise, Ois. p. 397,
pi. 160. fig. 2 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831) ; Savi, Om.
Tuse.m.. p. 83 (1831); St.-Hilaire, Exp. Sc. Moree, Zool. p. 56
(1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 423 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl.
X. p. 214, pi. 257 (1840) ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 375 (1840) ;
Crespon, Om. Gard, p. 477 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur.
p. xcviii & p. 248 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid.
iii. p. 278 (1840) ; Crespon, F. Merid. ii. p. 119 (1844) ; Schl.
Rev. Crit. p. cxxxi (1844) ; Miihle, Om. Grieehenl. p. 147 (1844) ;
Yarr. Brit. B. 1st Suppl. p. 50, and 2nd ed. iii. p. 527 (1845) ;
Reichenb. Natat. tab. xx. figs. 803-806 (1848) ; Degland, Ois. Eur.
ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Thompson, B. Irel. iii. p. 307 (1851) ; Bald.
Naum. 1851, Heft iv. p. 47 (Hungary, nesting) ; Bratidt, in Leh-
mann's R. n. Buehara, p. 330 (1852 : Trans-Ural steppe) ; Kjcerb.
Ua7im. Fuqle, p. 332, taf. 60 b (1852), and Suppl. taf. 21. figs. 3 & 4
(1854); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856: Egypt and Nubia);
Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 105, pi. 296 (1857); Linderm. Vog.
Grieehenl. p. 181 (1860) ; Poivys, Ibis, 1861, p. 357 (Corfu) ;
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ; Dyb. J. f. O. 1868, p. 338
(DaLiria) ; Borqgr. Vogelf. Norddeutsehl. p. 145 (1869) ; Heugl. in
Peterm. Mitth. p. 408 (1869) ; Ayres, Ibi.%, 1871, p. 267 (Potchef-
stroom) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 169 (1872) ; Buckley, Ibis,
1874, p. 391 (Transvaal) ; Coues, Check-l. no. 575 bis (1874 : Wis- consin) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Kirghiz Steppes) ; id. Brit.
B. iii. p. 257 (1885) ; Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 425 (Dobrudscha) ;
Stevenson 8)- Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 316 (1890) ; Jdckel u.
Bias. Vog. Bayerns, p. 376 (1891) ; Hartl. Abh. not. Ver. Bremen,
xii. Heft ii. p. 334 (1892 : Tientsin). Sterna grisea, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 190 (1820, Java ; type
in B. M.) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 159 (1825). Ilydrochelidou leucoptera, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 503 ; Kaup, Natiirl.
Syst. pp. 109 & 196 (1829) ; Brehin, Vog. Deutschl. p. 796 (1831) ;
Bp. Cat. Uec. Eur. p. 77 (1842); Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv.
(18.50), and Av. Syst. Nat., Lo7igip. p. v (18-52) ; Maegill. Br. B. v.
p. 661 (1852); Licht. Notnencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Brehtu, Naum.
1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 350 (1855); Schrenck, Reise Amurl.
p. 511 (18.59); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 82 (E. & W. Sahara);
Radde, Reise Sibir., Vog. p. 389 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 123
(1864) : Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865) ; Doderl. Avif. Mod.
Ul'DKOCHKiaDOX.
^ Sicil. p. 252 (1809); Fritsch, Vii;/. Eur. p. 461, tab. 54. fig. 7 (1870); Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 34() (Tipperaj ; Saund. Ihis, \fil\, p. 399 (S. Spain); HutUm, Cat. N.-Z. B. p. 43 (1871); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 43, & 1874, p. 206; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 76 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia); Biiller, B. New Zeal. p. 287 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 321 (1875), pl.s. 590 & 591 ; Irby, Orti. Str. Gibr. p. 211 (1875); Saimd. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 641 (revision) ; id. Bull. Sac. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 201 (S.E. Spain) ; David Sf Owitul. Ois. Chine, p. 524 (1877) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wieri, xxi.x. j). 280 (1879: Omsk, &c.) ; Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115 ; id. t. c. p. 495 (Andamans) (1879) ; Zec/.r/e, B. Ceylon, p. 1000 (1880) ; Rus.^ow, Orn. Ehst- Liv-, u. Curhmds, Archil'. Nat. Livl. (2) ix. p. 198 (1880) ; Giylioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218 (Florence : May, rare) ; Ridqio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21 p. 53 (1881) ; Buller', Man. B. Nexo Zeal. p. 81 (1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 022 (1882) ; Cones, Check-l. N. Am. B. p. 124 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 185 (1883) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 420 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 770 (1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 700 (1884) ; Saund. 4th ed. Yarrell's Brit. B. iii. p. 522 (1884); Baird, Brewer, ^• Ridyw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 323 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palestine, p. 137 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Corsica, 28 INIay) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Torre u. Tschusi, t. c. p. 564 (Austria-Hungary) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1886, p. 506 (Poland, breeding) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 96 (1886) ; Giylioli, Avif. Ital. p. 419 (1886) ; id. 1" Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 635 (1889) ; id. 2" Resoc. p. 653 (1890) ; id. 3» Resoc. p. 512 (1891) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 280 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Hartert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887. p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia, once) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 47 (1887) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Orange Free State) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888: Samarcaud) ; Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2ud ed. ii. p. 76 (1888) ; Reichenoio, Syst. Verz. Viiq. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ; Gnillemard, Ibis, 1889, p. 219, and Lilford, t. c. p. 347 (Cyprus) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 502 (Barbados) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 619 (1889) ; Everett, B. Borneo, p. 210 (1889); Radde u. Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 127 (Trans-Caspia) ; Riesenth. Wasservoy. Mitteleurop. p. 145 (1890) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthia>, p. 308 (1890) ; Heine Sf- Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Ilein. p. 356 (1890) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake Lenian) ; Payton,. t. c. p. 465 (Mogador) ; Styan, t. c. p. 609 (Kiukiang) ; Madard.sz, Ausst. Unyar. Voqelf. p. 121 (1891) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Huny. p. 181 (1891) ; De La Toucke, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foochow and Swatow, spring) ; Fatio Sf Studer, Cat. distrib. Ois. Suisse, pp. 64,65 (1892) ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 83 (1892: Barbados) ; Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, no. xi. p. v (1893 : Suakin) ; Sliellei/, Ibis, 1894, pp. 27 & 476 (Lake Sbirwa) ; Lilford, Col. Fiys.' Brit. B. pt. xxix. (1894); Reichen. Voy. Deuts'ch-O.-Afr. p. 21 (1894: Tanganyika).
Viralva leucoptera, Ste2)h. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 170(1826).
llydrofhflidon leucourus [sic], Seyffertiz Sf Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 985.
llvdroohelidou leucopteriim, Bj). Cornp. List B. Eur. Sj- N. Am. p. 61 '(1838). _
Ilydrochclidon grj^ea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184 ; Grai/, List Anseres m Brit. Mus. p. 180 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846).
Ilydrochelidon fissipes, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184 ; Taczan. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 262 (East Siberia) ; Radde, Orn. Caucas. p. 488 (1884) ; Brusina, Orn. Croatica, p. 92 (1889).
Hydrochelidon nigra, Oray [nee Linn.'], List Anseres in Brit. Mus. p. 180 (18-44) ; id. Gen. ^.iii. p. 6G0 (1846) ; Blyt?i, Cat.B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) : Jaub. et Barth.- Lapomm. Rich. Orn. MicUFr. p. 398 & fig. (1859) ; A. E. Brehm, Reis. Hahesch, p. 229 (1863) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 243 (1863) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328, and Ibis, 1863, p. 97 (China) ; Jerd. B. India, iii. p. 875, App. (1864) ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 115 (1864 : Nile to 8° N. lat.) ; Blasim, J.f. O. 1866, p. 82 ; Degl. 8,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 466 (1867) ; Loche, E.vpl. So. Algh:, Ois. ii. p. 207 (1867) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 284 (1871) ; Swink. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421 ; Gray, Hand-list B. iii. p. 121 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 301 (1872) ; Gurney , Andersson^ s B. Damara-land, p. 363 (1872); Heugl. Om. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1447 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 708 (1874) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 372 (1874) ; Tf^alden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 103 (1874 : Celebes) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 416 (Turkestan) ; Prjev. in Roioley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 145 (1878: breeding on Tsaidemin Lake and basin of Lake Hanka) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 280 (1879 : Chinese Altai, 5000 feet elevation) ; Bolau, J. f. O. 1882, p. 342 (Daiii-ia) ; Menzbier, Bull. Soc. Mosc. Iviii. p. 136 (1883 : Volga to Oka) ; W. Blasius, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxiii. p. 73 (1883 : S.E. Borneo) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Lamu, E. Africa); TV. Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 633 (Gt. Sanghir I.) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. Ii. p. 413 (1892: Java).
Hydrochelidon subleucoptera, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. VogeJfang, p. 350 (1855).
Hydrochelidon javanica (nee Horsjield), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 68; id. op. cit. 1861, p. 345 (North China).
Sterna nigra, Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Stemse, p. 31 (1863) ; Holdstv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (Ceylon) ; Legge, J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 58 (Cevlon) ; id. Str. Feath. iii. p. 376; Blanford, East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876) ; Bias. u. Nehrkorn, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1882, p. 432 (Amboina : cf. Ibis, 1883, p. 212).
Hydrochelidon niger, Severtzoff, Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 70 (1873 : up to 1000 ft.).
Hydrochelidon hybridus, Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. Ill, and 1874, p. 337 "(Daiiria : cf. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 262).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, and upper back dark glossy black ; coverts on the carpal joint pure white ; greater wing- coverts pearl-grey ; secondaries darker, passing into slate-grey ; primaries frosted with pearl-grey, which soon wears off the outer quills, leaving the webs sooty black, with a well-defined narrow whitish streak down the middle of the inner webs of the four outer primaries ; shafts white ; back and rump greyish black ; upper tail- coverts and tail pure white ; underparts deep black ; vent white ; flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillaries black : bill livid red ; feet oraugc-red ; webs of toes much indented. Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 8-2, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-75, middle toe with claw 1.
Adult female. Similar to the male.
Adult in autumn and. winter plumage. In the latter part of July, when the moult begins (in Europe), the bird is curiously parti- coloured, the new feathers of the head, neck, and underparts being white and those of the back grey (paler than in Hydrochelidon nigra). See specimen from Valencia, East Spain, July 25th. Later, the
1. nYDROCHELIDON.
9
underparts, iucluding the uuder wing-coverts and axillaries, become white, the crown of the head and the nape being merely mottled with black ; but by the following April the black colour has re- appeared to a considerable extent, especially on the axillaries. See specimen from the Andaman Islands, April 16th.
Immature. In birds which are not mature, though capable of breeding, the black of the underparts has a brownish tinge and the tail-feathers are pearl-grey, especially towards the tips. In winter, like the adult.
Youn;/. Similar to the winter plumage of the somewhat immature bird, but much mottled with dark brown on the upper parts, and the tail-feathers slightly darker grey with a brownish tinge towards the tips ; upper tail-coverts always white.
Nc'iilinf/. lluddy fawn-colour, mottled with black above, unspotted pale cinnamon-brown below.
JIab. Central and Southern Europe in summer, to about 55° N. on migration ; eastward across temperate Asia to China (but not to Japan) ; soutliward in winter to Australia, New Zealand, and all Africa ; once in Barbados ; once in Wisconsin.
a. (S ad. sk.
b. 2 vLx ad. sk.
c. d. Ad. St. e,A U- d ad. sk.
h, i. S 2 ad. sk. ; k. Pull. sk. ; /. Juv.
St.
m. Jut. sk.
»', 0. d $ ad. sk.
l^. 5 ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk,
r. Iinm. sk. s. 2 imm. sk. t, u. 2 juv. St.
V. Juv. sk. iv. cf juv. sk.
.V. 2 juv. sk.
t/. .luv. sk.
=. c? juv. ; a'. Ad.
sk. b', c', d'. Juv. sk.
e'. Juv. sk. /'. 2 imm. sk.
Albufera de Valencia, E.
Spain, July {H. Martin). Mallorca, Balearic Islands,
May (H. S.). Italy. Hungary, April, May.
"Volga, June, July, August {H. Moschler). '
Egypt (G. K S.). Damietta, Egypt, April
(Ftlipponi).' Faioum, Egypt, May 31
(J. II. Gtirneii). Mogador, Marocco, May.
Gambia.
Katenbella, Benguela, Xov.
Omaubonde, Damaraland (C. J. Andersfion).
Cape Colony {E. L. Laijard).
Transvaal, Dec. {T. E. Buck- ley).
Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Nov. 24 {T. Ayres).
Loopsprit, Transvaal, Dec. (T.A.).
Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Nov., July (T. A.).
Nyasaland, Dec.
Zambesi.
Lamu, E. Africa, 2° 25' S. {F. J. J.).
II. Saimders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Purchased. Hungarian Nat. Mus.
[R]. H. Saunders Coll.
Shelley Coll. Shelley Coll.
SheUey Coll.
C. A. Payton, Esq.
[P.]. Gov. Kendall [C.]. Monteiro Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders CoU. H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
II. Saunders Coll.
J. H. Gurney, Esq.
[P.]. H. H. Johnston, Esq.,
C.B. [P.]. Dr. Bradshaw [C.]. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
10
y' . Ad. sk.
li . Juv. sk.
«'. Juv. sk. k'. <S juv. sk.
i'. Ad. sk.
m', n', o'. Juv. ;
p'. Ad. sk. q'. Ad. sk.
r'. Imm. sk.
s', t', u'. Juv. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
w', x'. Imm. sk.
y. Juv. sk,
z'. Imm. sk. «". Juv. sk.
b", c". Ad. ;
d". Juv. sk. c", /". Juv. ;
ff". Imm. sk. h", i". Ad. sk. A;". Ad.; /". Juv. sk. m". Juv. sk.
n", o". Imm. sk. p". Juv. sk.
Zoulla, Abyssinia, June 13 Tweeddale Coll.
( W. Jesse).
Suakin. Capt. R. H. Pentou
[P.].
Bogos, Abyssinia {Esler). H. Saunders Coll.
Ilambantotta, Ceylon, July H. Saunders Coll.
( W. V. Legge).
Comilla, Tippera, Eastern Hume Coll.
Bengal {V. Irvxin).
Pegu, Sept.-Oct. (E. W. O.). Gates CoU.
South Andamans, April 16 Hume Coll.
{F. A. de Roepstorff). Malacca {S. Pinwill). Java.
Java (winter pi., Horsfield). Java.
(Types of H. grisea of Horsfield and of Gray's list.) Baram Pt., N.Borneo, Oct. A. Everett, Esq. [C.J.
{A. E.). Celebes. Mindanao, Philippines, Oct.
{E. L. Moseley). Canton, China \S. Bligh).
Tweeddale Coll. India Museum [P. India Museum fP.' India Museum [P
Seebohm Coll. Steere Expedition.
Tweeddale Coll.
Canton, China (»S'. Bligh). Seebohm Coll.
Takoo, China (Stoinhoe). Cape York, N. Australia. Cape York, N. Austraha,
Nov. 9. N.W. Australia. Barbados, Get. 24 {H. W.F.).
Seebohm Coll. Gould Coll. Voy.H.M.S.' Rattle- snake.' Dr. J. R. Elsey [P.]. Col. H. W. Eeilden [R].
2. Hydrochelidon hybrida.
Sterna hybrida, Pcdlas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 3.38 (1811: S. Volga, and Sarpa) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcviii, 248 (1840) ; MUhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 147 (1844) ; Degland, Orn.Eur. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : Egypt & Nubia, resident) ; Linderin. Vog. Griechenl. p. 180 (1860) ; Schleq. Mus. P.-B., SterntB, p. 33 (1863) ; Writjht, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ; Marling, Hcmdb. Br. B. p. 168 (1872) : Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 281 (1873: Sind) ; R. M. Adam, Sir. F. i. p. 403 (1873: Sambhur Lake) ; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 348 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876) ; Milne-Edwards ^ Grandidier, H. N. Madag., Ois. pi. 649 (1882: osteology); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Volga delta) ; id. Brit. B. iii. p. 260 (1885) : Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudscha, breeding) ; Stevenson ^ Sonthw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 306 (1890) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Hwue's Nests if Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 305 (1890) ; Sharps, Ibis, 1891, p. 116 (Fao) ; Jdckel u. Bias. Vog. Bayerns, p. 374 (1891).
Sterna leucopareia, Natterer, in Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 746 (1820) ; Meyer, Taschenb. iii. p. 189 (1822); Boie, Ms, 1822, p. 563; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 674 (1822) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823 : Nubia) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 694 (1824) ; IVerner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pis. 10, 11 (1828) ; Sari, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 92 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 424 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 168,
1. HYDEOCflEIJDON. 11
pi. 255 (1840); Scki7iz, Enrop. Faun. p. 374 (1840) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. A" part. p. 4U3 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 476 (1840) ;
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. ii. p. 278 (1840); Crespun,
Faune M6rid. ii. p. 118 (1844 : breeding in August) ; Schleg. H/'v.
Crit. p. exxxi (1844) ; Itiipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : Lower
Egypt) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. oil (1845) ; Heicits. Egijs
Brit. B. ii. p. 430*, pi. 120* (1846) : Thomps. Ann. Nat. Hist. xx.
p. 79 (1847); id. B. Irel. iii. p. 298 (1851); lieichenb. Natat.
tab. xxi. iigs. 812-815 (1848) ; Bald. Naum. 1851, Hit. iv. p. 44
(Hungary, breeding) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fuqle, p. 331, taf. 40 n (1852) ;
id. SiippL taf. 21. figs. 1, 2 (1854) ; Poivys, Ibis, 1860, p. 357
(Butrinto, in winter) ; A. Anderson, Ibis, 1872, p. 81 (Fyzabad,
breeding) ; Sintenis, J.f. O. 1877, p. 68. Sterna javanica, Rorsfidd, Trans. Limi. Soc. xiii. p. 198 (1820) [not
of bis Zool. Res. p. 8] (type in Brit. Mus.) ; Steph. in Shaio's Gen.
Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 158 "(1825); Gray ^ Hardw. III. hid. Zool. i.
pi. 70. fio-. 1 (1832: Cawnpore) ; Reichenb. Natat. Novit. vii.
tab. cclxx. fig. 2258 (1850). Sterna delamotta {sic), Vieill. Enc. Method.l p. 350 (1820: Picardy). ? Sterna cantiaca, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 329 (1821). Viralva iudica, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii.pt. l,p. 169 (1826). Viral va leucopareia, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 171
(1825). Sterna delamotte (sic), Vieill. Faune Fra7ig., Ois. p. 402, pi. 162. fig. 1
(1828). Pelodes leucopareia, Katip, NatUrl. Syst. p. 107 (1829). Sterna leucoptera [laj)sus for "<S. leucopareia "], Lesson, Traite, p. 622
(1831 : Cape Good Hope) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 391 (^Transvaal). Ilvdrochelidun leucopareia, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 797 (1831) ;
^Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Am. p. 61 (1838) ; Boie, Isis, 1844,
p. 184 ; Macgill. Br. B. v. p. 663 (1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.
(1877: Luzon); Ra^nsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 386 (1877: Gulf of Carpentaria); A. B. Meyer, Ibis, 1879,. p. 146 (Togian Is.); Holub Sf Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 332 (1882) ; Ridgioay, Man. N. Am. B. p. 47 (1887) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 506 (Poland, not breeding) ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 83 (1892). Sterna similis, Ch-ay, Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 70. fig. 2 (1832) (type in Brit. Mus.) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 171 ; Jerdon, Madras Juurn. xii. p. 224 (1840) ; Reichenb. Natat. Novit. viii. tab. ccLxxi. fig. 2261 (1850).
(184t;); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. ^. 351 (1855); Pp. C. R. xiii. p. 773 (1856) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 242 (1863) ; Jatdi. ^- Barth.-Lapomm. Rich, Orn. p. 398 (1859) ; Tristram, 76/s, 1860, p. 82 (North African lakes); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 115 (1864: Nile to lat. 13° N.); Fili2}pi, Viagy. Pers. p. 352 (1865) ; Blusius, J. f. O. 1866, p. 82; Begl. Sf- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 468 (1867) : Loche, Expl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 208 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 253 (1869) ; Fritsch, Voa. Eur. p. 460, tab. 54. fig. 10 (1870); Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 283 (1871) ; Switih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421 (Formosa); Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 121 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain); Salvad. Ucc.
12
Borneo, p. 374 (1872 : Sarawak); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1449 (1873 : Bahr el Abiad) ; Waldeii, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 103 (1874 : Celebes) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gihr. p. 211 (1875) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 640 (revision) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 416 ; id. B. Eur. viii. p. 315, pis. 688 & 589 (1877) ; Bavid Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 524 (1877) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 201 (S. Spain) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 794, and Voi/. ' Chal- hnger,' Birds, ii. p. 133 (1881 : Manila) ; Klunzincjer, Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, xiii. Hft. il. p. 90 (1878 : Red Sea) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878) ; Hume ^ Davis. Str. F. vi. p. 491 (1878: Tenasserim) ; Davids. ^ Wend. op. cit. vii. p. 93 (1878 : Deccan) ; 0%js, t. c. p. 313 (E. Bengal) ; IIu7}2e, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879) ; Lepffe, B. Ceylon, p. 996 (1880) ; Ward- law Ramsay, Tiveedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881 : Pliilippines) ; Bocage, Orn. Anr/ola, p. 514 (1881 : Angola) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218 (Pisa) ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 594 (Gil^it) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia c5-e. iii. p. 427 (1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 622 (1882) ; Vorderman, Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. xlii. p. 126 (1883) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p.'l84 (1883) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 419 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang) ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Flor. Palest, p. 136 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cane. p. 487 (1884) ; Saund. Ath ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 527 (1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard:s B. S. Afr. p. 699 (1884) ; Homey er, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Torre u. Tsch. t. c. p. 565 (Hungary, breeds) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 (Tao, resident) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 419 (1886 : not known to breed) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 279 (1887) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Orange Free State) ; Tait, t. c. p. 394 (Portugal) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888 : Turkestan) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 350 (1888 : Manipur) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 204, and fVhitehead, op. cit. 1890, p. 61 (Palawan) ; Reichenoio, Si/st. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ; Radde ^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 127 (breeding, Merv oasis) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 621 (1889); North, Nests Sf Eggs Austral. B. pp. 353 & 402 (1889) ; Everett, B. Borneo, p. 210 (1889) ; Giqlioli, 1° Resoc. Av. Ital.-p. 634 (1889), 2° Resoc. p. 653 (1890), 3" Resoc. p. 227 (1891); Keller, Orn. Carinth. p. 308 (1890) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (L. Leman) ; Payton, t. c. p. 465 (Mogador) ; Styan, t. c. p. 509 (Kiukiang); Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 181 (1891): Madardsz, Ausstell. TJngar. Vogelf. p. 121 (1891) ; DeLa louche. Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foocbow) ; Fatio Sf Studer, Cat. distrib. Ois. Suisse, pp. 64-65 (1892) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxviii. (1894) ; Service, Attn. Scot. N. H. 1894, T). 179 (Solway).
Hydrochelidon fluviatilis, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140 (New South Wales) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 6G0 (1846) ; Gould, B. Australia, vii. pi. 31 (1848); Sturt, Exp. Centr. Austr. ii. App. p. 58 (1849) ; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 347 (1850) ; Licht. Notnencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 155 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122, no. 11075 (1871) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 348 (Queensland).
The Whiskered Tern, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 404 (1843).
Hydi'ocecropis delamotta {sic), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Hydrocecropis similis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 178.
Hydrocecropis leucogenys, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Sternula delamotti, Bole, Isis, 1844, p. 183 (" Cape Bonin, West Africa").
Sternula javanica, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183.
1. nYDROCnELIDON. 13
Hydrochelidon margiuata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 373 (1846 :
Hoogly). Hydvoclielidon javanica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. (560 (1846). Hydrochelidon similis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846). Hydi-ochelidon indica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 200 (1849) ; Bp. C. It. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ;
Irh)/, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oude & Kumaon) ; Gray, Cat. M. etc.
Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 78 (18(;3) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328
(Formosa) [not then known from China]; Jerdon, B. Ind. iii.
p. 837 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 121 (1871) ; Hume ^-
Hendvrs. Lahore to York. p. 301 (1873: Kashmir); Adam, Str.
F. ii. p. 439 (1874 : Chota Nagpur) ; Hume, Nests &,• Eggs Ind.
B. p. 648 (1875) ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 163 (1875) ; Butler,
Str. F. iv. p. 32 (1876 : N. Guzerat) ; V. Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 233
(1879) ; Frjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 145 (1878 : breeds in
Hoang-ho Valley, Tsaidemin Nor) ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 425
(Chamha). Hydrochelidon meiidionalis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 351 (1855). Hydrochelidon leucogenys, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf.
p. 350 (1855). Hydrochelidon nilotica, Brehm, Namn. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf.
p. 351 (1855). Hydrochelidon delalandii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 773 (1856) * ;
Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122 (1871). Sterna" innotata, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 404 (imm.) ; Gray, Hand-list,
iii. p. 119, no. 11043 (1871). Hydrochelidon javanica. Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122, no. 11073 (1871). Pelodes hybrida, Gurney, Andersson's B. of Bamara-land, p. 362
(1872) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. fasc. xi. p. 41
(1886); Heine S,- Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356 (1890). Hydrochelidon leucopareius, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873). Sterna melauogastra, Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 377 (1874) ; O. St.
John, Ibis, 1889, p. 180 (Quetta) ; Vordei-m. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xlir. p. 207 (1884: Java); id. op. dt. xlix. p. 420
(1889: Sumatra). Sterna macroura, Sintenis, J. f. O. 1877, p. 68 (Dobrudscha,
"floating nests"). Hydrochelidon nigra, Biddtdph, Ibis, 1881, p. 102 (Gilgit) [cf. Scully,
t. c. p. 594]. Pelodes indica, Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356(1890). Pelodes javanica, iid. loc. cit.
Adult male in hrefding-plumarje. Forehead, crown, and nape deep black ; from the gape to the nape a conspicuous white streak ; upper parts slate-grey, darker on the primaries, except when these are new and frosted ; shafts white ; inner webs of outer pairs of primaries white on the upper and greater part of the inner webs ; upper tail-coverts grey ; tail-feathers grey, with white outer webs to the outside pair ; chin white or very pale grey ; throat grey, darkening on the lower part ; breast dark slate-grey, which deepens into black on the abdomen and flanks ; vent and under tail-covcrts white; under wing-covorts white ; axillaries white with a faint tinge of grey : bill blood-red ; feet vcrmiKon (drying to orange-
* Type examined.
14 LAKID^.
colour) ; webs deeply indented, but less so than in H. leucoptera. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9-25-9-5, tail 3-8, tarsus 0-9, middle toe with claw 1-15.
Indian birds, which are probably almost sedentary, are slightly smaller in size. Some of the birds resident in South Africa are of a distinctly darker hue both above and below than Northern examples ; Australian specimens, on the other hand, are inclined to be paler.
Adult female. Similar to the male, or a trifle paler in general tint.
Adult in winter plumage. Upper parts of a paler grey than in the breeding-season ; forehead white : crown and nape streaked and mottled with black ; underparts entirely white ; bill and feet reddish brown.
Tounq in first plumage. Crown and nape blackish brown, mantle mottled with brown and with warm ciunamon-brown edges to the inner secondaries ; tail slightly mottled and edged with ash-brown ; the rest like the adult in winter. By December the brown markings are considerably diminished.
Nestling. Down at the base of the bill black, forehead ruddy fawn-colour ; upper parts paler fawn, mottled and streaked with black ; undei-j^jarts white, except the throat, which is sooty black for a few days.
Hah. South-western, Central, and Southern Europe in summer, and to about 55° N. lat. on migration; eastward throughout temperate and warmer Asia to China ; southwards, by Malayasia to Australia, as far as 35° S. lat. ; throughout Africa ; Barbados once.
a. Pull. sk. Camargue, S. France, July H. Saunders Coll.
(Rousillon^.
h. S ad.sk. Andalucia, S.W.Spain, May 10 Col. L. H. L. Irby
{L. H. L. I.). [P.].
c. S ad- sk. Andalucia, S.W. Spain, June 6 H. Saunders Coll.
(S. S.).
d, e. Ad. et juv. Andalucia, S.W. Spain, July H. Saunders Coll. sk. (F. W. Forrester).
f. Ad. ; <7, h. Juv. Valencia, E. Spain, July 26. H. Saunders Coll.
sk.
i. S ad. sk. Lower Volga, May {H. F. Gould Coll.
Moschler).
k. Pull. sk. Astrachan, July {S. F. Mosch- Gould Coll.
ler).
I, m. Pull. St. Algiers. Purchased.
n. Ad. sk. Marocco. Tweeddale Coll.
o,p. c? 2 ad. ; q, Lower Egypt {G. E. Shelley). Shelley Coll.
r. Imm. sk.
s. Ad. sk. Lower Egypt {G. E. Slielley). 11. Saunders Coll.
t. Ad. St. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
u. Ad. sk. White Nile.
V. Imm. sk. Lake Ngami (C. J. Andersson). H. Saunders Coll.
w. Ad. sk. Kroonstad, Orange Free State. J. H. Gurney CoU.
.r. S ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Dec. 6. Shelley CoU.
y. Ad. sk. ; Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].
z. Ad. st.
1. HTDROCHELIDON.
15
a'-d' . Ad. ; e',f' .
Juv. sk. (/' . Juv. sk. h'. $ ad. sk.
i. 5 ad. sk.
k'. (S ad. sk.
/'. Juv. sk.
»*', w'. c? 2 ad. ;
o', />'. 5 imm,
sk. q, r'. Ad. sk. s', t', u'. Ad. sk. r', w'. Ad. sk.
j:'. Ad. sk.
1/', z'. Ad. sk. a". 2 ad. sk. 6". .Juv. sk. c". Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
Juv. sk.
cJ imm. sk.
cf ad. sk.
d"
a"-
h". 2 ad. sk.
i". 2 juv. sk.
k", I". Juv. sk.
m" , n". S 2 ad.
sk. o". Imm. sk.
p", q". 6 2 ad.
sk. r", s". S ad. sk.
<". Ad. sk. u". Juv. sk. v", w" . Ad. et
juv. sk. .r". Juv. sk. y"-P. Imm. sk. c^. Juv. sk. rf'. 2 imm. sk.
2 imm. sk. «"*> ^'- cJ 2 imm.
sk. P, m^. Juv. sk. >i\ 2 ad- sk.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug., Sept.
Cabul, Oct. 29, 1834 (Griffith'). Quetta, May 22 {Sir O. St.
John). Meliur, Upper Sind, Jan. 18
(A. O. H.). Eastern Narra, Sind [S. Doig). Cutch, Nov. 6. Sambhur Lake, Rajpootana,
April {R. 31. Adam).
Cashmere {Dr. Belleio).
Cashmere.
Woolar Lake, Cashmere (Dr.
F. Stoliczka ; Forsyth Exp.). Woolar Lake, Cashmere (Col.
E. Delme lladcliffe). Dul Lake, Cashmere, June. Gilgit, April 22. Gilgit, Sept. 11. [Little?] "Tibet." Kumaon. Naini Tal.
Gurgaon, Feb. (A. O. H.). Myupuri, Futtehgurh, Aug. 31
{A. Aiiderson). Mynpuri, Futtehgurh, July
(A. Andejson). Mynpuri, Futtehgurh, 35 days
old, Oct. (A. Anderson). Mynpuri, Futtehgurh, Sept. 20
{A. Anderson). Mynpuri, Futtehgm-h, Aug. 31
(A. Anderson). Cawnpore.
W. D. Cumming
Esq. [P.]. India Museum. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume CoU.
India IMuseum. Capt. Piuwill [P.]. India Museum [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll. Col. Biddulph [P.]. Col. Biddulph [P.J. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
II. Saimders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Etawah, Aug. 22.
India Museum [P.]. (Type of Sterna similis, G. & H.) Hume Coll.
Allahabad, June 8 (J. Cock- Hume CoU.
burn).
Oudh, Jan. Hume CoU.
Chunar, Nov. ( JV. E. Brooks). Hume Coll.
Dinapore (S. P.). S. PinwUl CoU.
Dinapore (<S'. Pimcill). Dacca, Jan. Comilla, Tippera. Barrackpur (Col. J. Biddulph). Calcutta, Dec.
Raipur, Central Provinces.
Hume Coll. Hume CoU. Hume Coll. Tweeddale CoU. Hume Coll.
Madras.
Colombo, Ceylon, (W.V.L.).
March
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU. Col. W. V.
[P.].
Legge
16 LAPJDJ!:.
0^ c? ad. sk. N.E.CevloD,Aiio-. l(jr. F.i.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
«' 2 ad. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, April 15 H. Saunders Coll.
(W.V.L.):
q^. 6 ad. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, Dec. 15 H. Saunders Coll.
(W.V.L.).
r\ Juv. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll.
s^. cS imm. sk. Hanquede, Ceylon, Dec. (S. Tweeddale Coll.
Chap7nan).
i!3 cj iuT. sk. Pegu, Oct. 30, {E. W. O.). Gates Coll.
u\ 2 ad. ; v\ Lower Pegu, Oct. 7 {S. W. O.). Oates Coll.
Inim. sk.
w'', .r^ c? ad. sk. Sittang river, Feb. ( W. JDavi- Hume Coll.
son),
y^, 2^ c? ad. ; Thatone, Nov. 17-Dec. 25 ( W. Hume Coll. «■*, 6*. 2 ad. ; Davison). c*. S juv. sk.
dK c? iuv. sk. Kaukaryit, Hounthraw River, Capt. C. T. Bingham
Tenasserim, Dec. (C. T.5.). [P.].
e*. Ad. .sk. Java. India Museum.
(Type of Sterna javanicd, HorsKeld.)
f\ g\ d 2 ad. ; Togian Islands {Dr. A. B. Tweeddale Coll.
h*. Imm. sk. Met/er).
i\kK S ^i-; l^- Togian Islands (Dr. A. B. H. Saunders Coll.
2 ad. sk. Meyer),
m^. Juv. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Steere Exped.
Sept. (-B. L. Moseley).
w*. J ad. sk. Sta.Cruz,Luzou,Feb. (I>r. ^.5. Tweeddale Coll.
Meyer).
0*. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon (31. Heriot). Tweeddale Coll.
p'*. 2 ad. sk. Manila, Luzon. H.M.S. 'Challenger'
Exped.
q\ Imm. sk. Cochin China. St. Rene [P.].
r^. Ad. sk. Kiu-kiang, China, Aug. 4 (-F. H. Saunders Coll.
Styan).
s\ 2 juv. sk. Foochow, China, Oct. 24 (F. H. Saunders Coll.
Sty an),
t^, M*. (? 2 ad. Formosa, Aug., Sept. (R. Swin- Seebohm Coll.
sk. hoe),
v^. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].
w*. Imm. sk. AustraUa. Gould Coll.
.I-*, ?/^ Ad.sk. Somerset, Cape York {Cock- Sal vin-Godmau Coll.
erell).
s*, «'. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York (Coch- Tweeddale Coll.
erell).
b'. Ad. sk. Queensland. Gould Coll.
e=.Ad.; t^s.lmm. Queensland {Gould). H. Saunders Coll.
sk.
e' . Ad. sk. Lake Elphinstone (Gould). H. Saunders Coll.
f'\ Ad. sk. Bourke, River Darling, New Gould Coll.
South Wales (Dr. Peechey).
ff". Ad. sk. New South AVales. Australian Mus. [P.].
A'. Juv. St. Barbados. Sir R. Schomburgk
[P.].
i". Skeleton, 2- (Warwick Coll.). Purchased.
A;% Z=. Skeletons, Manila. H.M.S. ' Challenger '
juv. Exped.
J)^^ Sternum, c? • Algeria.
1. HYDHOCnELIDON. 17
3. Hydrochelidon nigra.
The Black Tern.
The Lesser Sea Swallow, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. pp. 82-8-3, ad. «fe imm., pis. 89 & 90 (1740).
Ralliis lariformis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. p. 153 (1758).
L'Hirondelle de mer uoire ou I'Epouvantail, Brissoii, Oni. vi. p. 211, pi. XX. fifT. (1760). ^
L'llirondelle de mer a teste noire, ou le Gachet, id. torn. cit. p. 214.
Sterna nigra, Linn. Sijst. Nat. 10th ed. i. p. 1-37 (1758) ; id. Fauna Sitec. p. 56, no. 159 (1761 ; reedy islands near Upsala) ; Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 46 (1764) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) ; P. L. S. MiiUei; S. N., Anhany, p. 3-53, pi. xiii. fig. 3 (1773) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 608 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 810 (1790) ; Bechst. Nature/. Deutschl. ii. p. 830 (1791) ; Retzius, Faun. Suec. p. 164 (1800); Meyer .S,- Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 461 (1810) j Temm. Man. (TOrn. p. 484 (1815); Meisnei- ^- Schinz, Voy. Schveiz, p. 262 (1815); Koch, Syst. buier. Zool. p. 367 (1816); Leacfi, Si/st. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1816) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. p. 160 (1817) ; Temm. Man. dOrn. ed. 2, p. 749 (1820) ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 708 (1822) ; id. Lehrb. p. 695 (1824) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. S2 (1823 : S. France) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 13 (1828) ; Vieill. Fauna Franq. p. 400 (1828) ; Fleminy, Brit. An. p. 143 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 79 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 55 (1832) ; Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 477, pi. xci. (18.33) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Verteb. p. 268 (1835) ; Ei/ton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (1836) ; Goidd, B. Eur. V. pi. 422 (1837) ; Dickson .y Ross, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 135 (Erzeroum) ; Naum. Toy. Deutschl. x. p. 189, pi. 256 (1840) ; Schinz, Euro}). F. p. 375 (1840) : Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 478 (1840); Keys. &,■ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcviii & 248 (1840)^ Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 279 (1840) ; Selys- Longch. F. Belg. p. 151 (1842) ; Macyill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 233 (1842); Bouteille, Orn. Dauphine, ii. p. 2-37 (1843); Mdhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 147 (1844) ; Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 120 (1844) ; Schley. Rev. Crit. p. cxxx (1844) ; Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 4-3.5, pi. 122 (1846); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xx. figs. 807-810 (1850) ; Tho77ips. B. Irel. iii. p. 304 (1851) ; Ejarb. Damn. Fugle, p. -3-32, tab. 40 b., Suppl. tab. 21 (1852) ; '&M. Voy. Nederl. p. 015, pi. 362 (1854) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856 : Red Sea in winter) ; Meyer, Br. B. vii. p. 99, pi. 295 (1857) ; Erhard, F. Cycladen, pp. 45 & 62 (1858) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 181 (1860) ; Poivys, Lhis, 1862, p. 356 (Corfu) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 48. figs. 6, 7 (1863?) ; Boryyr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 145 (1869) ; Heugl. in Petenn. Mitth. p. 408 (1869) ; Pahnen, Fiidands Foglar, p. 579 (1873) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (Frisian Is., breeding) ; Seebohtn, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Volga delta & Kirghiz steppes) ; id. Brit. B. iii. p. 254 (1885) ; Stevenson Sr Southtc. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 312 (1890) ; Giitke, Voqehv. Helgoland, p. 588 (1891) ; Jiickel Sf Bias. Vbg. Bayerns, p. 37'9 (1891).
Sterna nsevia, Liyin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766) (jr.) ; Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 831 (1791) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 337 (1811 : Volga & Caspian).
The Black Tern, Pennant, Br. Zool. p. 145, pi. L* 1 (1766) ; id. ibid, ed. 2, V. 430 (1788) ; Lath. Gen. Syti. iii. pt. 2, p. 366 (178) ; id. Gen. ^Syn. Suppl. i. p. 267 (1787) ; Yarrell, Brit. B. iu. p. 413 (1843). Larus merulinus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 81 (1769). VOL. XXV. c
18
PLarus columbinus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 83 (1769).
La Guifette, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 339 (1781) ; Daubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 333 (1781).
La Guifette noire ou Epouvantail, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 341 (1781).
L'Epouvantail, Daubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 924 (1781).
The Black Tern, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 367 (1785).
Sterna nubilosa, Sparrm, Mus, Cark. fasc. iii. no. 63, juv. (1786 : Finland).
Sterna boysii, y, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.p. 806 (1790).
Sterna fissipes. Lath, (nee Linn.) Ind. Orn. ii. p. 810 (1790); Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 838 (1791) ; lUiger. Prodr. p. 272 (1811); Yarrell, Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 523 (1845) ; Degl. Ois. Bur. ii. p. 349 (1849) ; Brandt in Lehman7i's R. n. Buchara, p. 3.30 (1852: N.E. Caspian); Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Sternfe, p. 29 (1863); Wright, Ibis. 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 472 (1871) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 614 ((^amaroons) ; Harting, Handb. Br. B. p. 76 (1872) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876) ; Alteon, Ornis, 1886, p. 425 (Dobrudscha) ; Madardsz, Ausst. XJngar. Vogelf. p. 121 (1891).
Hydrochelidon nigra, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 109 & 196 (1829) ; Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 793 (1831) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, pp. 179 & 184; Riipp.Sijst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Arabian side of Eed Sea) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kor- dofan) ; Reichenb. Syst. Nat. Vog. tab. iv. (1850) ; id. Av. Syst. Nat, Longip. p. v (1852) ; Macgill. Br. B. v. p. 658 (1852) ; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. 350 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 256 (1857) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 82 (Western Sahara only) ; Holtz, J.f. O. 1868, p. 126 (I. of^Gottland, breeds); Gould, B. Gt. Br. V. pi. 75 (1873) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 642 (revision) ; Sharpe 8f Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 314 (Banana, Congo) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 327, pi. 592 (1876) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 201 (S. Spain) ; Giglioli, Iconogr. Avif. Ital. fasc. vii. pi. 392 (1880) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 513 (1881 : Loango) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 622 (1882) ; Hume, Rough Notes, vol. iii. (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 136 (1884 : Syrian Coast) ; Saunders, 4th ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 516 (1884) ; Biichner, Beitr. Russ. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 128 (188.5-6 : St. Petersburg) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 487 (1884) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Lutke, Ornis, 1885, p. 46 (Denmark, breeds) ; Torre ^ Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 565 (Hungary, breeds) ; Albarda, Ornis, 1885, p. 631 (Holland, breeds); Winge, Ornis, 1886, p. 592 (Denmark) ; Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Exir. Occid. fasc. xi. p. 49 (1886) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 420 (1886) ; Salmd. Ucc. Ital. p. 280 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Feilden, Zool. 1887, p. 73 (Faeroes) ; Hartert, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1887 (East Prussia) ; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Peter sb. (7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888 : Western Tur- kestan) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888,p. 606 (Poland) ; Guillemard, Ibis, 1889, p. 219, and Lilford, torn. cit. p. 348 (Cyprus) ; Reichenoto, Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 60 (1889) ; Sousa, J. Sc. Lisboa, (2) no. 2 (1889), p. 1 (Angola, first time so far south); Riesenth. Wasservog. Mittel-europ. p. 146 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. p. 8 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Br. B. p. 617 (1889) ; Giglioli, i. Resoc. Avif. Ital. p. 636 (1889) ; id. ii. Resoc. p. 653 (1890) ; id. iii. Resoc. p. 512 (1891) ; Keller, Orn. Carinth. p. .308 (1890) ; Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356 (1890) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake L6man) ; Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 465 (Mogador) ;
1. HYDBOCHELIDON. '19
jRendall, Ihis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia) ; Biittihofer, C. R. ii. Cong Oni. Intern, ii. p. 175 (1892 : Liberia) ; Fatio ^ Studer, Cat.
distrib. Ois. Suisse, pp. 04-65 (1892) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B.
pt. xxviii. (1894) ; Collett, Norges Fugle/., Nyt Mag. f. Naturv.
Bd. XXXV. p. 318 (1804). Viralva nigra, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 167 (1826). Ilydrochelidon obscura, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 795 (1831). Hydrocbelidon nigricans, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 795 (1831). Plydrochelidon nigrum, Bjy.Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Am.^. 61 (1838). Ilydrochelidon fissipes, Bp. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842) ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 060 (1846) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C.
B. xlii. p. 773 (1856);' J«m6. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr.
p. 399 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 3G5 (Lake Djendeli) ; Grag,
Cat. Brit. B. p. 243 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 123 (1864) ;
Antinori, Cat. Descr. Ucc. p. 115 (1864 : Lower Egypt) ; Filippi,
Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865 : Enzeli) ; Blasius, J. f. 0. 1866,
p. 82 ; DegL Sr Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 465 (1867) ; Loche, Expl.
Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 205 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Mod. e Sicil. p. 243
<1869) ; Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154 (Marocco) ; Droste, Vogelw.
Borkum, p. 335 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 462, tab. 54. fig. 6
(1870) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 488 (Fantee) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. Vi\.
p. 305 (1870 : Zoulla) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 284 (1871) ;
Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (Spain) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 300
(1872) ; A. B. Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia) ; 'Heugl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1445 (1873) ; Antin. ^ Salvad. Viagg.
Bogos, p. 154 (1873 : Anseba, 4000 ft.) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gtbr.
p. 212 (1875); Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. Iviii. p. 136 (1883: Volga
to Oka, breeds) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 180 (1891). Hydrocbelidon pallida, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf.
p. 350 (1855). Hydrocbelidon obscura, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf.
p. 350 (1855). Sterna minuta, Feilden, Zool, 1886, p. 487 (error ; corrected, id. op. cit.
1887, p. 73 : Faeroes).
Adult male in nuptial plumage. Head and neck black ; mantle, tail and wings slate-grey, inclining to white on the edge of the carpal joint ; shafts of primaries dull white, and the webs on each side dark slate-grey, except when new and frosted ; breast and abdomen dark lead-colour; vent and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale grey : bill black ; feet reddish brown, smaller and with less indented webs than in the two preceding species. Total length 9-6 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 8-5, tail 4, tarsus 0-65, middle toe with claw 0-85.
Female. Similar .to the male, with slightly paler tints.
Adult in ivinter. After the moult, which commences in the latter part of July, the forehead is white, the crown and nape are mottled with dull black, the mantle and tail are paler, the under- parts white, and the axiUaries the palest grey ; feet brown.
Young. Similar to the above, but the crown and nape browner ; the mantle considerably, and tho tail slightly, mottled with brown ; a pink tinge sometimes on the underparts ; feet clay-brown.
Nestling. Fawn-colour, broadly marked with black on the upper parts ; beneath pale clove-brown, darker on the throat.
c2
ao
Hah. Europe, breeding south of about 60° N. lat. ; once in tha Faeroes ; Africa in winter, to Loango on the west and Ab3fssinia on the east ; not traceable in Asia beyond Western Turkestan.
a. <S juv. sk.
b, c. Ad. St.
d. Juv. st.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. g. Juv. sk. h. S .iuv. sk.
i. Juv. sk.
k. S ad. sk. I, m. S ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk. 0, p. Pull. sk. q, r. S ; s-v. 2
ad. sk. w, .1'. d ad. sk.
y-b'. Tull. sk.
c'. Ad. st. d'. 5 ad. sk,
e'. c? ad. sk. /, ff', h'. d, i',
k', I'. 5 ad. ;
m',n!. c? juv.sk, 0'. 2 ad. ; /. S
juv. sk. q'. Juv. sk,
r'. 2 ad. sk. «', Juv. sk.
f. Juv. sk, m'. Juv. sk. v'. Ad. sk. w'. Ad. skel. x'. Ad. skel.
Yarmouth, Norfolk, Sept, 12. River Thames. Cookham, Berkshire. Cookham, Aug. 29.
Kent,
Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 4,
Mudeford Harb., Hants, Sept.
(E. B. S.). Nalsoe, Faeroes, Sept. 1866
(if. C. Miiller). Belgium. Vaalkenswaard, Holland, May
1853 (J. Baker). Pomerania, June. Galizia, Austria, July. Hungary, April, June, July.
Neusiedler Lake, May (-R.
B. S.). Blanc, Indre, France, June
{Rene Martin). Italy {J. Art/ent). Palermo, Sicily, May {Prof.
Doderlein). Malta, Aug. G {C. A. Wright). Valencia, Spain, July, Aug.
Malaga, May «& Aug. 2.
Andalucia, Aug. {F. W. For- rester). Seville, May 17. Xanthus, Asia Minor.
Tunis, N. Africa. Victoria Eiver, Camaroons. Fantee {H. T. Ussher). Lake of Constance (Sept.). England.
H. Saunders CoU. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. Mr. W. Briggs [P.], E. B. Sharpe, Esq,
[P.]. Col. Montagu [C.]. Dr. A. Giinther [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.]. Col. H. W. Feilden
[P.]. Hume Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seehohm Coll. H. Saunders Coll. Hungarian National
Museum [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.-J. H. Saimders Coll.
Purchased.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.
H, Saunders Coll.
H, Saunders Coll. Sir Chas. Fellowes
[P.]. L. Fraser [C.]. H. Saunders Coll. Shelley Coll. Dr. Giinther's Coll. Purchased.
4. Hydrochelidon surinamensis.
L'Hirondelle de Mer : la grande espece, Fermin, Descr. Surinam, ii,
p. 187 (1769 : chiefly this species). Surinam Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p.-352 (1785). Sterna surinamensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 604 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii
p, 804 (1790). Sterna plumbea, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 83, pi. 60. fig. 3 (1813)
Jard. ed. Wilson's Am. Orn. ii. p. 374 (1832). Sterna nigra, /. Sabine, App. Franklin's Journ. p. 694 (1823) ; Bp,
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson, no. 244 (1826) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 355
(1828) ; Sw. Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 415 (1831) ; Nuttall, Man.
1. HTDROCHELIDON. 21
Orn. ii. p. 282 (1834) ; Auduh. Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 535 (1835) ; id.
op. cit. V. p. 642 (1839); id. Syn. p. 320 (1839) ; id. B. Am. 8vo
eel. vii. p. 116, pi. 436 (1844) ; Gimud, B. Long Isl. p. 352 (1844) ;
Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 124(1850); A. ^ E. Newton, Kandb.
Jamaica, p. 117 (1881). Anoiis plumbea, Steph. in Shale's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 142 (1825)
(ex Wilson). Hydrochelidon nigrum, Bp. Co77ip. List B. Eur. S/- N. Am. p. 61
(1838) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 437 (1837). Sterna exilis, Tschudi, ^je^wi. ^rcA. 1843,i. p. 389, no. 19; Tschudi
S^ Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p 53 & p. 306 (type, in winter:
plumage, in Neuchatel Mus. examined, H. S.). Hydrochelidon plumbea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 6G0 (1846) ; Baird, Cass. S,- Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 864 (1858) :
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 479 (1862: New Granada);
Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 10 (Saskatchewan); Sclater, P. Z. S.
1864, p. 179 (Mexico City); Scl. ^ Salv. t. c. p. 373 (Brit.
Honduras) ; Pelz. Eeis. Kovara, Voy. p. 155 (1865 : Chili) ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 45 (Texas) ; Snoio, B. Katisas, p. 12 (1873). Hydrochelidon surinamensis, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122 (1871). iSterna frenata, Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 278 ; cf. Ibis, 1866, p. 205
(Coban). Hydrochelidon fissipes, Coues, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1862, p. 654 ; id. Ibis,
1864, p. 391 (British Honduras) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.
p. 299 (1865) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 205 (Coban) ; Dall ^- Bann.
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 307 (1869 : Alaska) ; Scl. S, Salv. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 573 (revision) ; Lawr. Mem. Boston Sac. N. H. ii. p. 318
(1874: Mazatlan); Hensh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 13 (1874:
Utah) ; Gimdl. Orn. Cuba, p. 310 (1876) ; Latvr. Bull. U.S. Nat.
3Lts. iv. p. 52 (1877 : Tehuautepec) ; Zeledon, Cat.Av. Costa Rica,
p. 36 (1882). .Sterna fissipes, Ridgic. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 392 (1874 : Illinois). Hydrochelidon lariformis, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 704' (1874) ;
'm7ish. Rep. Zool. Expl. 100th Merid. p. 487 (1875) ; Streets, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 27 (1877: Sinaloa, Mexico) ; Ridgiv. Rtp.
Surv. iOtk Par. p. 640 (1877 : Sacramento, Cal.) ; Coues, Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 656 (1878 : Pembina) ; id. Check-list
N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 770
(1884). " Sterna cassia, Linn.^'' Gundlach, J. f. O. 1875, p. 393 [? error for
S. nsevia]. Hydrochelidon nigra (pt.), Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 642 (revision). Hydrochelidon lariformis surinamensis, Ridgio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 21, p. 53 (1881). Hvdi'ochelidou nigra surinamensis, A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B.
p. 96 (1882) ; Baird, Brew. Sf Ridgic. Water-Birds N. Amer. ii.
p. 318 (1884); Ferrari- Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 179
(1886 : Puebla) ; Ridgic. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 47 (1887) ; Nelson,
Rep. Alaska, p. 60 (1887) ; Cory, B. West Indies, p. 280 (1889) ;
Rhoads, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 101 (Corpus Christi, Texas) ;
Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 83 (1892). Pelodes surinamensis, Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356
(1890 : Mexico).
Adult in summer. Similar to II. n'lfjra, but darker on the upper ■parts, with a great deal of pure white on the carpal joints ; under- parts very much blacker ; feet nearly black. Average dimensions
22
smaller. Total length 9-25 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8-25, tail 3-75, tarsus 0*6, middle toe with claw 0-85.
In winter plumage the mantle is distinctly of a more hluish grey than in the Old World bird ; the young in first plumage are also darker.
Nestling. Upper parts umber-brown, sparingly mottled with blackish brown ; forehead and underparts clove-brown, darker on the throat. The differences between the light warm colour of the European and the dark uncontrasted tint of the American nesthngs are very remarkable.
Eab. Temperate North America, from the Fur Countries down- wards in summer ; southward to Honduras, Guiana, Peru, and Chili in winter.
a, b. Juv. sk.
c. Pull. sk.
d. Ad. sk. e,f,ff- d$ad. sk.
h, i. $ ad. sk.
k. S ad. sk.
/, (S ad. sk.
»«. 5 ad. sk.
w. c?; 0. 5 ad.sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r, s. <S; t. 2 ad.
sk. u. Ad. sk. V. Pull. sk.
w, .r. Ad. et imm.
sk. y. Ad. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
a'-h'. S 2 ad. et juv. sk.
i'-m'. 2 ad. sk.
n'. <S ad. sk.
o'. Imm. sk.
p'. (S imm. sk.
New York State, Aug. (Hen-
shaw Coll.). St. Clair Flats, Michigan ( W.
H. Collins). Indiana, May 7 (Hensh. Coll.). Grass Lake, Illinois, June
{Hensh. Coll.).^ Riverdale, Illinois, July {H.
W. IIe7ishaiv). Waukegan, 111., June {Hensh.
Coll.). KoshkonoDgLake, Wisconsin,
July. Minnesota, off nest, June {A.
Stark). Pembina, Dakota, June (Dr.
Elliott Coues). 49th ParaUel, May 27, 1874.
Centraha, Kansas, May. W^ashoe Lake, Nevada, May,
Sept. {H. W. H.). Arizona, Aug. {H. W. H). Cold Springs, California, July
[H. W.H.). San Jacinto Lake, Cal., Aug.
(H. W. H). California (Hepburn). Cape Canaveral, Florida,
Aug. (Hensh. Coll.). Corpus Christi, Texas, May- June (ad.), Nov. (juv.)
(F. B. Armstrong). Brownsville, Texas, May (F.
B. A.). Matamoras, N.E. Mexico,
Aug. 11, 1863 (^. RD.). Laguna Verde, Vera Cruz,
Mexico, Sept. {M. Tru-
jillo) . Putla, Vera Cruz, Oct. (Bou-
card).
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Dr. T. M. Brewer
[P.]. H. Saxmders Coll.
Salvin-Godman and H. Saunders Colls.
N. Anier. Boundary Commission [C.].
H. Saunders CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll, Salvin-Godman Coll. Salviu-Godman CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.
2. PHAETHUSA. 23
y', Juv. sk. Mazatlan, N.-West Mexico H. Saunders Coll.
{Grayson). r'. Juv. sk. Acapulco, Sept. 1888 {Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. H. Smith), s', t'. $ ad. ; u'-w'. Cay Dolores Channel, Brit. Salvin-Godman Coll. cJ 2 imm. sk. Honduras, May 17, 1862
(O. Sail-in). x'. Juv. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll,
(O.S.). y'. Imm. sk. Callao Bay, 12= S., Peru II. Saunders Coll.
{R. li. Ju7np).
2. PHAETHUSA. „ „
Type.
Phaethusa, Watjler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224 P. magnirostris.
Thalassites, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 373 (1837) P. magnirostris.
Raivje. South America, from the Orinoco to the La Plata, and also on the Pacific coast.
1. Phaethusa magnirostris.
? Simple Tern, Lath. Gen. St/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 3-55 (1785 : Cayenne) ;
id. Gen. Hist. x. p. Ill (1824). ? Sterna simplex, G/n. S. N. i. p. 606 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii,
p. 806 (1700) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846). PHati cogote obscuro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 372 (1802) [on which is
based S. chloripoda, Vieill.]. Hati cabeza negra, Azai-a, Apunt. iii. p. 373 (1802). ? Hati pico corto, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 376 (1802) [on which is based
S. hrevirostris, Vieill. ; a young bird]. ? Sterna chloripoda, Vieill. K Did. d'Mist. Nat. xxxii. p. 171 (1819) ;
id. Enc. Mahod. i. p. 349 (1820) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659
(1846) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847). ? Sterna hrevirostris, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 166
(1819) [based on Azara's " Hati pico corto "] ; VieiU. Enc. Meth. i.
p. 347 (1820). Sterna magnirostris, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823) [type in Berlin
Mus. examined, H. S.] : Spix, Ai: Bras. ii. p. 81, tav. civ. (1825j ;
Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 861 (1833) ; Tsch. ^^
Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 53, 305 (1846) ; Ha7-tl. Ind. Azara,
p. 26 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guiana, iii. p. 461 (1848) ;
Reichejib. Natat. tab. xviii. iig. 257 (1848) ; Biirm. Th. Bras. iii.
pp. 450, 451 (1856) ; id. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 519 (1861) ; Schl.
Mus. P.-Bas, Sternfe, p. 12 (1863) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96
(Orinoco) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 593, 979 (Mexiana^
Lower Amazons) ; Grai), Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120 (1871) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. pp. 324, 461 (1871) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 (Para) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 643 (revision) ; Dur?if. Ibis, 1880,
p. 412 (Rosario) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 438 (1886); MacFarl.
Ibis, 1887, p. 209 (Guayaquil). PViralva simplex, Step)h. in Shaiv^s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 172
(1825). "Sterna speculifera, Temm.," Less. TraitS, p. 622 (1831: Brazil)
[cf. Puch. Rev. Zool. ii. (1850) p. 544]; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659
(1846). Phaethusa magnirostris, Waqler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224 ; Gray, List
Gen. p. 79 (\M0), p. 100 (1841) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 6.59 (1846) ;
Rcichenb. Syst. Nat. t^ib. iv. (1850) id. Av. Syst. Nat., Longip.
24; LARID^.
p. V (1852) ; Licht. Nommcl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 567, 1873, p. 310 (Eastern Peru) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Ber- lepsch, J.f. O. 1874, p. 278 (Santa Catharina) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, p. 200 (Buenos Aires) ; Taczan. ^- Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 112 (Riobamba, Ecuador) ; Scl. ^- Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 194 (1889) ; Heim 4" Peichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 301 (alive at Zool. Gardens).
Thalassites magnirostris, Sto. Classif. B. ii. p. 372 (1837) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Lower Ucayali).
Thalasseus chloripoda ( Vieill), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182.
Sylochelidon speculifera, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186.
Sylochelidon magnirostris. Gray, List Anseres in Brit. Mus. p. 175 (1844) ; Bias. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 82.
Sterna albifrons, Cuv. MSS. in Mus. Paris ; Pucheran, Rev. Zool. ii. p. 344(1850)*.
Sterna chloripoda, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 537 (1866).
Adult. Head and nape glossy black, with a very narrow line of white at the base of the bill ; nape and sides of neck pale grey ; mantle and tail slate-grey ; carpal coverts, upper wing-coverts, and the greater part of secondaries white ; primaries dark brown, with whitish " wedges " to the inner webs and narrow white borders to the inner margins (increasing on the upper primaries) ; shafts blackish ; inner secondaries broadly edged with white and grey, with a brownish spot above ; lores, cheeks, and underparts pure white. In less mature birds the white on the forehead is a little wider ; the mantle has a browner tinge ; the brown spots on the inner secondaries are more extensive, and the lores are slightly flecked with black ; but there does not seem to be any distinct winter or '• eclipse" stage beyond a slight mottling of the crown. The sexes appear to be alike in plumage. Bill chrome-yellow, slightly greenish at the base of the lower mandible ; feet olive, the webs yellow. Total length 14-75 inches, culmen 2"8, wing 11"5, tail 4*8, the fork only 0*6 deep, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1-15.
Immature. Crown slate-grey ; a blackish patch from the back of the eye to the nape, which is also blackish ; bill with a greener tinge ; otherwise like the adult.
Young. Crown at first pale brown, streaked with umber, after- wards grey ; upper parts greyish, mottled with brown and drab ; upper tail-coverts and tail slightly barred and tipped with dull white or drab.
Hab. Trinidad and the Orinoco to the Parana and the La Plata, and on the large rivers of tropical South America up to the foot of the Andes ; also on the estuarine coasts of Peru and Ecuador. Eggs deposited on sand-banks.
a. Ad. St. " South America." Zool. Soc. Mus. [P.].
b. Ad. sk. South America. Gould Coll.
c. Imm. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].
* Type examined.
d. S ad.; e. $
juv. sk. f. 2 ad. sk.
ff. Imm. sk. h. Juv. sk.
2. Ad. sk. k. Imm. sk.
/. Ad. sk. m. Ad. sk. n. Ad.sk.
o. c? ad. sk.
p. (S hi.; q. 5
imm. sk. r, s. Imm. sk.
3. GELOCHELIDON.
River Rupuruni, British
Guiana, Feb. 7 {H. W.). Oiu-iimee, British Guiana,
Dec. 2-2 {II. W.). Surinam (Dr. Kirke). Island of Mexiana, mouth of
the Amazons, Dec. 184:8
{A. R. Wallace). Brazil (Natterer). South Brazil (from Berlin
Mus.). Parana River {Rogers). Parana River {Rogers). Parana River, April.
Upper Ucavali, E. Peru,
May 31 {E. Bartlett). Pebas, Amazons, E. Pern,
April 31 {J. Hauxioell). Guayaquil River, Ecuador,
June {Comm. MacFar-
lane, R.N.).
25
Salvin-Godman Ooll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. H. Durnford, Esq.
[P.J. H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.
3. GELOCHELIDON. „
Type. Gelochelidon, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 774 (1831) . . G. anglica. Laropis, Wagler, Im, 1832, p. 1225 G. anglica.
Range. Temperate aud warm regions of the Old World (except South Africa), down to Australia ; also of America down to South Argentina, but almost unknown on the Paciiic side.
1. Gelochelidon anglica.
? Egyptian Tern, Lath. Gen. Sgn. iii. pt. 2, p. 356 (1785: ex Hasselqidst, Iter., 1757) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 110 (1824).
? Sterna nilotica, Gm. S. N. i. p. 606 (1788 : ex Hasselq.) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 805 (1790).
Sterna anglica, Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup2)l. fig. (1813 : type in Brit. Mus.); Leach, Si/st. Cat. 3Iamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1816); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. p. 744 (1820); Meger, Taschenb. iii. p. 188 (1822) ; Licht. Verz. DoJibl. p. 81 (1823 : Nubia) ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 143 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmiphdes, pi. 8 (1828) ; Lesson, Truite, p. 621 (1831); Nemvied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 867 (1833: S. Brazil); Selbg, Brit. B. ii. p. 480, pi. 88. fig. 1 (1833) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 269 (1834) ; Jeyigns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 269 (183.")) ; Egtun, Rarer Brit. B. p. 97, figs., and Cat. B. B. p. 54 (1836) ; Guidd, B. Eur. v. pi. 416 (1837) ; Atidid). B. Am. pi. 410; id. Sgnops. p. 316 (1839) ; id. Orn.Biogr. v. p. 127 (1839): D'Orbigng, in Sar/ras N. H. Cuba, p. 215 (1839) ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 374 (1840) ; Temm. Man. dOrn. 2nd ed. 4"° pte. p. 460 (1840) ; Xaum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 38, pi. 249 (1840) ; Kegs. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcviii & 247 (1840); Nordtn. in Demid. Vog. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 278 (1840) ; Jerdon, Madr. Joi/rn. xii. p. 224 (1840) ; Selgs-Lonr/ch. Faun. Belq. p. 149 (1842) ; Miihle, Orn. Griecherd. p. 146 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxs (1844) ; Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 81, pi. 4^30 (1844) ; Giraud,
26
B. Long Is. p. 353 (1844) ; Tan: Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 515 (1845); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 431, pi. 121. %. (1846); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xix. fig. 261 (1848); Degl. Ois. Eur. ii. p. 336 (1849); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 222 (Kordofan) ; Ejarb. Danm. Fugle, p. 327, tab. 40 a. fig. 2 (1852), SuppL tab. 20. fig. 1 (1854); Sckl. Vog. Nederl. p. 613, pi. 361 (1854) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856) ; Meyer, Br. B. vii. p. 109, pi. 297 (1857); Linderm. Vog. Gr'iechenl. p. 180 (1860) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Ionian Is.) ; Simpson, Ibis, 1860, p. 391 (Missolonghi, breeding) ; Sckl. Dier. Nederl., Vogels, p. 241 (1861); Radde, Rets. Sibir., Tog. p. 388 (1863 : Tarei-nor) ; Grai/, Cat. Brit. B. p. 241 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., Sternse, p. 34 (1863) ; Salvad. Uec. Sard. p. 121 (1864) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 450 (1867) ; Borqgr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 145 (1869) ; Dodei-l. Avif. Sicil. p. 241 (1869) ; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (S Spain) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 170 (1872) ; Shelky, B. Egypt, p. 297 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1425 (1873) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 319 (1872) ; id. Check-l. no. 660 (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873), and Dresser's translat. in Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (breeds up to 6000 ft.) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 208 (1875) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 644 (revision) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 295, pi. 585 (1877) ; Prjev. in Roioley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 110 (1878: breeds in Valley of Hoang-bo, but not in Ussuri or Cbina proper) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878 : Galveston, breeding) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 301 ; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 102 (New Guinea) ; id. op. cit. 1887, p. 1002 (West Australia) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: list); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1011 (1880) ; Cory. B. Bahamas, p. 209 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 94 (1881 : Malabar) ; Ridgw. Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); id. Nomencl. N Amer. B. no. 679 (1881); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia S^-c. iii. p. 406 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (breeds, Kirghiz steppes) ; Cmies, Check-list N. Ainer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 623 (1882) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 290(Gilgit) ; Oates,B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 422 (1883); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 182 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. S^ Flor. Palest, p. 135 (1884) ; Saunders, ith ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 531 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, S; Ridqiv. Water- B. N. Amer. ii. p. 277 (1884) ; Seebohm, Br.B. iii. p. 263 (1885); Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81; Lutke, Ornis, 1885, p. 146 (Denmark, breeds) ; Torre ^ Tschtcsi, Ornis, 1885, p. 563 (Plattensee, breeds) ; Lutke, Ornis, 1886, p. 99 ; O. Winge, t. c. p. 592 (Denmark) ; Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudscha) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 ; id. op. cit. 1891, p. 116 (Fao, breeds) ; Bia?ichi, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. xii. liv. 5, p. 682 (1886 : Pamirs) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal, breeds) ; Hume, Str. Feafh. xi. p. 349 (1888 : Manipur) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 57 (1888: Tur- kestan) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. p. 8 (1889) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502 (Barbados) ; North, Nests ^- Egc/s Austral. B. p. 355, pi. xvii. fig. 2 (1889) ; Saund. Man. Brit. B. p. 623 (1889) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Hume's Nests ^- Eqgs Ind. B. iii. p. 304 (1890) ; Stevenson ^ Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 307 (1890) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 209 (1890) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 428 ; id. op. cit. 1892, p. 212 (Buenos Aires prov.) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthim, p. 306 (1890) ; Saund. Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake Leman) ; Giitke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 587 (1891) ; Jlickel ^- Bias. Vog. Bayerns, pp. 366-374 (1891) ; De la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foochow & Swatow, spring & autumn) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxix. (1894).
3. GELOCHELIDOH'. 27
Sterna aranea, JFils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 143, pi. 72. fig. 6 (1814) ; Vieill. Enc. Method, i. p. 348 (1820) ; Bp. Ohs. Nomencl. Wilson, no. 243 (182G) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 354 (1828) ; Audouin, Hist. Nat. Egxjpte, pi. 9. fig. 2; id. Expl. Sonnini, 2nd ed. p. 418 (1828) ; Vieill. Faime Franq. p. 398, pi. 161. fig. 1 (1828) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 90 (1831) ; Jard. ed. Wilsmi's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 179 (1832) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Gay, Faun. ChiL, Zool. i. p. 485 (1847) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxii. figs. 826- 827 (1848) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 452 (1856) ; Baird, Cass. 8f Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 859 (1858); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 540 (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119 (1871) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 325 & p. 461 (1871). Sterna affinis, Horsf. [necJiiipp.] Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199(1820) ;
id. Zool. Bes. Java, p. 8 (1824). Thalasseus anglicus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Sterna risoria, Brehm, Vogelk. iii. p. 650, tab. v. (1822) ; id. Lehrb.
Eur. Vog. p. 682 (1824). Sterna meridionalis, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 988 (1824) ; Heugl.
Ibis, 1859, p. 35 (Massaua). Viralva anglica, Stej^h. in Shaids Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 174 (1826) ;
Sykes, P. Z. S. 18.32, p. 172; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840). Viralva affiois, Stejyh. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 175 (1826 :
ex Horsfiekl), ? Hydroprogne aranea, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 91 & 196 (1829). Gelochelidon balthica, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 772 (1831) ; id.
Vogelf. p. 346 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295. Gelochelidon agraria, Brehm, Vcig. Deutschl. p, 773 (1831) ; id.
Vogelf. p. 347 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295. Gelochelidon meridionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 774 (1831 : type of genus Gelochelidon) ; id. Vogelf. p. 347 (1856) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; Bp. C. B. xiii. p. 772 (1856) ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 198 (1867). Gelochehdon aranea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 775 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 347 (1855); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295; Bp. C. M. xiii. p. 772 (1856). Laropis anglica, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225. "Sterna nuttalli, And.,'' NuttalCs Man. Orn. ii. p. 279, footnote
(18.34: Tortugas); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846). Sterna macrotarsa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26 (Tasmania) ; id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. ii. fig. 2 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11042 (1871). Gelochelidon anglica, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sc N. Am. p. 61 (1838); id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 76 (1842); Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : Red Sea) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187 ; Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. {lS5Ql),and Av. Syst. Nat. p. v (1852) ; Macgill. Br. B. V. p. 666 (1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854) ; Bp. C. R. xiii. p. 772 (1856); Jaiib. ^- Lapo7nm. Rich. Orw. p. 401 (1859); Salvi7i, Ibis, 1859, p. 364 (Tunisia) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 82 (Sahara) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 536 ; id. Ibis, 1864, p. ;388; Salvin, op.cit. 1866, p. 199 (Chiapam) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 36 (Egypt & Nubia); Blasius, J. f. O. 1866, p. 82 (revision) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 457, tab. 5-5. fig. 1 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 283 (1871) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871 : Florida) ; Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 572 (revision) ; Holdsiu. op. cit. 1872, p. 480 (Cevlon) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomeyicl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. v. pi. 74 (1873) ; Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 371 (1874) ; Blyth ^- Wold. B.
2& LAEID^.
Burm. p. 163 (1875) ; Tncznn. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1875, p. 261
(Tarei-nor); Hume, Sir. Feath. iv. p. 294 (1876: Andamans) ;
Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 309 (1876); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
iv. p. 51 (1876 : Tehuantepec) ; Hume Si Davison, Str. F, vi.
p. 491 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Davids. ^ Wend. Str. F. vii. p. 93
(1879 : Deccan) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 313 (E. Bengal) ; Biddulph,
Ibis, 1881, p. 102(Gilgit); Gif/lioli, Hiis, 1881, p. 218 (Italy);
Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 430 (1882) ; Zeledon, Cat. Av. Casta
Rica, p. 36 (1882) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 485 ( 1884) ; Nikolshy, Trud.
St. Petersb. xvii. p. 402 (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 414 (1886) ;
Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. liv. x. p. 15 (1886) ;
Radde 8^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126 (Transcaspia) ; Vorderm. Nat.
Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. xlix. p. 419 (1889 : Sumatra) ; Gigl. i. Resoc.
Av. Ital. p. 629 (1889) ; id. ii. Resoc. p. 652 (1891). Geloclielidon anglicus, Grat/, List Gen. -p. 100 (1841) ; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc. p. 290 (1849) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 836 (1864) ;
Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 421 (Kattiawar). Viralva aranea, Darioin, Zool. ' Beagle,^ iii. p. 143 (1841 : Bahia
Blanca). Geloclielidon palustris, Macgill. Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii. p. 237 (1842). The Gull-billed Tern, Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 407 (1843). __ Gelichelidon anglica. Gray, List B. in Brit. Mus. iii. (Anseres),
p. 176 (1844). Hydrocecropis nuttalli, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. ? Hydrochelidon nilotica (Gin.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184. Geloclielidon affinis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187 ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772
(1856). Geloclielidon macrotarsa, Boie, Isis, 1 844, p. 187 ; Reicfienb. Vog.
Neukoll. p. 347 (1850) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Gould,
Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 403 (1865) ; id. B. Austr. Suppl. pi. 81
(1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119 (1871); Ramsay, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 348 (Brisbane). Gelochelidon velox, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 347 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855,
p. 295. Sterna nilotica, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119 (1871) ; Hume, Str. F.
i. p. 281 (1873 : Siud) ; R. M. Adam, t. c. p. 403 (Sambhur L.,
■winter) ; Hume, Nests S,- Eggs Ind. B. p. 648 (1875) ; E. A. Butler,
Str.F.iv. p. 31 (N. Guzerat); J. Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 351
(Irrawaddy) ; Reicfienow, Syst. Verz. Vog. Dcutschl. p. 61 (1889) ;
Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 179 (1891) ; Madanisz, Ausst. Ung. Vogelf. p. 120 (1891) ; Hartert, Katal. Voqelsamml. Senchenb.
p. 240 (1891) ; Reichenow, Vog. Deutsch. 0\-Afr. p. 21 (1894 :
Victoria Nyanza). Sterna (Gelochelidon) anglica, Cones, B. N.- West, p. 664. (1874);
id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 757 (1884). Gelochelidon nilotica, Stejneqer, Auk, 1884, pp. 364-366 (e.r
Hasselq.) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 92 (1887) ; Salmd. Ucc. Ital. p. 279 (1887) ; Ridgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 38 (1887) ;
Cory, B. West Indies, p. 277 (1889) ; Heine £,- Reichen. Nomencl.
Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890) ; Rhoads, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 101
(Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding) ; Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 92
(1892).
Adult male in hreeding-jylmnar/e. Forehead, crown, upper half of lores, nape, and nuchal crest jet-black ; mantle, upper tail-coverts, and tail pearl-grey, the outer feathers of the latter whitish ; primaries grey when new and frosted, but darker, inclining to iron- grey towards the tips and especially on the inner webs, when the
3. GELOCHELIDON. 29
frosting has worn off ; a distinct white wedge on the upper part of the inner web of the outer primary, but smaller and less defined in the succeeding flight-feathers ; shafts of the four outer pairs of j)rimarics white ; lower half of the lores, chin, and entire underparts white : biU black, occasionally reddish at the base of the lower mandible ; iris hazel-brown ; tarsi and toes black, with a reddish tinge; webs moderately indented. Total length 14-5 to 15-5 inches, culmen 1-S to 2, wing 12 to 13, tail 5-5 to 6, depth of fork 1-5, tarsus 1-45, middle toe and claw 1'25.
Adidt female. Similar to the male, but slightly smaller, and with a somewhat less robust bill.
Adidt in winter. Forehead, upper lores, crown, and nape white, with black streaks, which form a patch before and behind the eye ; otherwise as in summer. The primaries are usually fresh and frosted in November and December.
Young. Similar to the above, but the primaries are darker ; the streaks on the head are greyish on a somewhat buff-tinted white ; the feathers of the upper parts are edged with whitish buff, and have arrow-headed brown markings in their centres. Up to- September these buff and brown markings are pronounced, but are afterwards lost. In birds just fledged the upper parts are chiefly pale fawn-colour, especially in the middle of the back ; bill and feet reddish brown.
Nestling. Upper parts stone-buff", streaked and mottled with dull brown ; underparts dull white.
American birds are often slightly smaller than European examples, and Australian specimens are inclined to be larger, but there ar& numerous exceptions.
Huh. Europe below 55° N. lat. in summer; temperate and warm Asia, except China proper, where it is only known in the south; Malayasia to Australia (breeds); jSTorthern Africa and Egypt ; eastern portion of North America, and down to South Argentina, but not noticed on the Pacific side, except on the coasf> of Guatemala. Sandy shores of sea-coasts or inland lakes. The eggs, deposited on the bare sand, dried mud, or sea-drift, are inter- mediate in character between those of the Terns and the Gulls.
a. Imm. sk. Sussex {Montagu). Col. Montagu [P.].
. , , ^ r,^ ■ y , rx (Type of Stenitt anglica.)
b. Ad. St. Chnstchurch, Hants, May 14, Baron A. von Hiio-el
1872. [P.j. "
c. Ad. sk. Europe {Lichtenstein). Rioeour Coll. rf.Ad.sk. South Spain. Lord Lilford rP.l e. $ ad. sk. Andalucia, AprU 29 {H. S.). H. Saunders CoU
/• ^d. St. Athens. C. L.W. Merlin, Esq.
[P.].
g. Juv. sk. Crimea (figured in Gould's H. Saunders Coll.
'Birds of Eui'ope').
h. Juv. sk. Crimea, Sept. (Th. Schmidt). Gould Coll
i. 6 ad. sk. Volga, May {H. T. Moschler). Hume Coll.
k. 6 ad. sk. S. Russia, April. H. Saunders Coll.
I. Ad. sk. Zana, Algeria (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll,
m. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Eraser [C.].
30
n. Ad. St.
o,p. $ ad. sk. q. Ad. sk. r, s. 5 ■^ix ad.
sk. f. Inim. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
f, tc. (5 $ ad. sk.
.r. Ad. sk.
s, a'. $ ad. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.
e'. 2 ad. ; <^'. 2
imm. sk. e'. (5 ad. sk. f'.(S ad. sk. g'. Ad. sk.
A', c? ad. ; i. ?
juv. sk. k', I', d imm. sk.
m', n'. Imm. sk.
o'. Imm. sk.
;»', y'. Ad. et juv.
r', /. Ad. et $
imm. sk. i'. Imm. sk. u'. Imm. sk. ?/, w',x'. Ad. sk.
?/'. 2 ad. sk.
z'. S ad. sk.
a". 2 ad. sk.
b". Imm. sk.
c". 2 imm. sk.
d". Imm. sk. e"' 2 imm. sk.
/". (^ imm. sk.
ff". 2 imm. ; h", i" cT 2 ad. ; k". 2 imm. ; I". 2 ad. sk.
Egypt.
FaTOom, Feb. {G. E. S.). Dakietta, March 29 (G. E. S.). Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 27.
" India."
Jellalabad, Nov. (Griffiths). Karachi, Sind, Feb. (E. A.
Butler ^ A. O. Hume). Belachery, Cutch, Oct. 24.
Sambhur, Dec.-Feb. (E. M.
Adani). Sambhur, March 6 [R. M.
Adam). Sambhur, May 10 {R. M.
Adam). Sambhur (A. O. Hume). Gurgaon, Jan. Woolar Lake, Cashmere,
breeding (Col. Delme-
Raddife). Gilgit, 6000 ft., Aug.
Futtehgiu-h, March {A. An- derson). Etawah, Oct.-Nov. Oudh, Dec. ( W.E. Brooks). N.W. India {S. P.).
Dinapur, Feb.
Deccan {Col. Sj/kes). Darjeeling (Pearson). Bombay Harbour, Feb. 1
(A. b. H.). Hambantota, S.E. Ceylon,
Aug. (^. V.L.). Hambantota, S.E. Ceylon,
Aug. ( W. r. L.). Eomidi, S.E. Ceylon, March
{W. V.L.). Aripo, N.W. Ceylon, Aug.
{E. W. H. Holdsworth). Andaman Is., Nov. {Capt.
Wimberley). Lower Pegu. Elephant Point, near Rangoon,
Dec. (J. Armstrong). Sittang Eiver, Feb. ( W. Davi- son). Thatone, Nov.-Jan. [W. D.).
Sir John Bowring
[P.]. Shelley Coll. Shelley CoU. W. i). Gumming)
Esq. [P.]. Dr. T. C. Jerdon
[P.]. India Museum. Hume Coll.
Col. Hayes-Lloyd
[P.]. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Hume Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
Col. Biddulph [P.].
Seebohm CoU.
Hume Coll. Hume Coll. PinwiU Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum. India Museum. Himie Coll.
Col. W. V. Legge
[P.]. H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
E. W. Gates Coll. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
'3. GELOCHELIDON.
31
ot' . c? ad. sk. n", 5 ad. sk. o". 5 ad. sk.
p". 2 imm. sk. q". 5 imm. sk.
r" c? imm. sk.
,s". Imm. sk. t". Imm. sk.
«<". Imm. sk.
v". Imm. sk. w". Ad. sk. .t". Ad. sk.
v". Ad. st. ~". Ad. St. a^. Ad. sk. b\ Ad. sk.
c^. Pull. sk.
(P. Pull. sk.
e\ 2 juv. ; /^ Juv. ; ff^. d ad. sk.
h^, P. Ad. ; A^ 2 juv. sk.
/3-r'. cJ ad. ; s'- z;'. 2 ad. sk.
?<;'. d'ad. ; :i'%.v^. $ad. ; z\dK (J imm. sk.
6*,c*. Vix.ad.sk.
d\ 2 juv. sk.
e^,/*. Juv. sk.
f/^. Ad. sk. "i^^ Ad. sk.
i\ k\ Ad. sk.
I*, m*. Ad. sk.
n\ Ad. St.
Khyketo, Feb. ( W. Davison),
Sal ween River, Feb. ( W. D.).
Eastern Grove, Burma, Jan. {J. Armstrong).
Wippitan, Dec. {J. Darling).
Amherst, Feb. ( W. Davi- son).
Mergui Is., Tenasserim, Nov. {W.D.).
Kaora, Pakchan, Nov.
Baram, Borneo, Sept. (A. H. E.).
Labuan, Borneo, Sept. (A. H. E.).
Java.
Australia.
N. Australia, Feb. 1856.
Port Albany, N. Australia.
Moreton Bay, near Brisbane.
New South Wales.
Hog I., Virginia {Hitz i^ Stini2]son).
Bone I., Virginia, July (Hen- ska w Coll.).
Cobb's I., Virginia, July {Hen- shaw Coll.).
Cobb's I., Virginia, July (Hen- shaic Coll.).
Cobb's I., Virginia, Aug. & Sept. {Henshaw Coll.).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May, (E. B. Armstrong).
Corpus Christi, Nov. (F. B. A.).
Chiapam, S.W. Guatemala
(Pacific coast), Jan. (O. S.). Barbados, Oct. {S. W. F.).
Grenada, West Indies, Sept. 2
{D. W. Smith). Demerara. Bahia, Brazil, winter.
Sta. Catharina, S. Brazil
(Bogers). Sta. Catharina, S. Brazil
(Bogers). Bahia Blanca, S. Argentina,
Jan. 1837.
Hume Coll. llume CoU. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
A. H. Everett Coll.
A. H. Everett Coll.
Gould CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.
J. R. Elsey, Esq.
[P.]. Gould Coll. Gould Coll. Australian Mus. [P.]. H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Col. H. W. Feilden
[P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould CoU.
J. W. Baker, Esq.
[P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.
C. Darwin, Esq. [P.].
32 LAEID^. ■
4. HYDROPROGNE. ^
Type. Thalasseus, pt., Bote, Isis, 18-22, p. 563.
Hydroprogue, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 91 (1829) H. caspia *.
Sylochelidon, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 770 (1831) H. caspia.
Helopus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1224 H. caspia.
Range. Almost cosmopolitan ; the exceptions being Tropical and South America and the Islands of the Pacific.
1. Hydroprogne caspia.
The Caspian Tern.
Sterna caspia, Pall. Nov. Co7nm. Petrop. xiv. i. p. 582, tab. xxii. fig. 2 (1770) ; id. Zoogr. Rosso-As. p. 332 (1811) ; (?m. 8. N. i. p. 603, and var. /3, p. 604 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 803, and var. b, p. 804 (1790) ; Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 825 (1791) ; Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 164 (1800); Te^mn. Man. d'Orn. p. 476 (1815) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. p. 155 (1817) ; Temm. Mati. d'Orn. ed. 2, p. 733 (1820) ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 630 (1822) ; id. Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 680 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 146 (1825) ; T]'erner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 2 (1828) ; Audouin, Hist. Nat. Egypte., pi. 9. fig. 1 ; id. in Evpl. Sonnini, 2nd ed. p. 416 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 96 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 55 (1832) ; Selhy, Brit. B. ii. p. 463 (1833) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertehr. p. 264 (1835) ; Eyt.on, Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. V. pi. 414 (1837) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 471 (1840) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 18, pi. 248 (1840) ; Te7mn. Man. d'Orn. 4"= pte. p. 454 (1840) ; Schinz, Eur. Faun. i. p. 370 (1840); Keys. ^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcvii & 115 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 277 (1840); Macgill. Man. Brit. B. pt. ii. p. 2.30 (1842) ; Sebjs-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 149 (1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxviii (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 175 (1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 493 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 658 (1846) ; Heivits. Egqs Brit. B. ii. p. 421, pi. 97 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xviii. %s. 258-260 (1848); Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 337 (1849) ; Brandt in Lehtnann's Reise n. Buchara, p. 330 (1852: Caspian); Kjcsrb. Danink. Fucjle, p. 326, tab. 40 a. (1852), Su2}pl. tab. 20. figs. 1, 2 (1854) ; Schl. Voq. Nedei-l. p. 612, pi. 360 (1854) ; Hetigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : Egypt and Nubia) ; Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 71, pi. 289 (1857) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 253 (1857 : Gambia) ; Baird, Cass. Sf Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 859 (1858) ; Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. no. 682 (1858) ; Erhard, Faun. Cykladen, p. 45 & p. 62 (1858) ; Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 350 (Red Sea) ; Cass. Pr. Philad. Ac. 1859, p. 175 (Camma Kiver, W. Africa) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 81 (1860) ; Heugl, in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea, resident) ; Sioinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 68 (Amoy), op. cit. 1861, p. 345 (Pekin), oj). cit. 1863, p. 430 (Formosa) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 48, fig. 1 (1863 ?) ;
* It is true that Kaup also included Stcriia aranca in this genus, being probably unacquainted with the species to which that name aijphed ; but he insisted upon the strong red bill as the main generic distinction.
4. HTDKOPKOGNE, 33
Hartl. Fmm. Madag. p. 85 (1861 : Madagascar) ; Schl. Bier.
Nederl. Vugels, p. 241 (1861) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 238 (1863) ;
Radde, Beis. Sihir., Vo;/. p. 388 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 120
(1865) ; Taylor, Ibis, 18(j7, p. 72 (Damietta) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 269 (1867) ; Degl. S,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 448 (1867) ; Schl.
§• Poll. Faune Maday., Ois. p. 147 (1868) ; JIoKz, J. f. O. 1868,
p. 125 (Gottland, breeds) ; Vhap^nan, Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 424
(1868 : Walvisch Bay) ; Boryqr. Vor/elf. Norddeutschl. p. 149
(1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 240 (1869) ; Fitisch ^- Hart I. Vog.
Oxt-Afr. p. 826 (1870); Stoinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 366 (Hainan);
Finsch, J. f. O. 1870, p. 364, op. cit. 1872, p. 253, op. cit. 1874,
p. 205 (New Zealand) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (S. Spain) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120 (1871) ; Hutton, Cat. N. Zeal. B.
p. 42 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld.^. 359 (1872);
Hartiny, Ilandb. Br. B. p. 167 (1872) ; Corns, Key N. Amer. B.
p. 319 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 296 (1872) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. Ed. ii. pt. 2, p. 1434 (1873) : Bidler, B. N. Zeal. p. 279
(1873) ; Palmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 564 (1873) ; Hume, Str. F. i.
p. 280 (1873: Sind) ; Serertz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 296 (18^3), and
Bresser's trails.. Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (breeds up to 3000 ft.) ;
Bidf/icay, Ajvi. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874 : Illinois) ; Buriif. Ibis,
1874, p. 401 (Sylt) ; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 347 (1875) ; Irby, Orn. Str.
Gibr. p. 208 (1875) ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereh. ^- Terr., Birds, A-p^. p. 32
(1875) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 656 (revision) ; Prjevalsky, Tian
Shan to Lob-Nor, E. B. Morgan's traml. p. 122 (1876 : Lob-Nor) ;
Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 382 (1877) ; Bresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 289,
pi. 684 (1877) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 65 (1878:
Galveston) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. K S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878) ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879 : List Ind. B.) ; Legye, B. Ceylon,
p. 1008 (1880) ; Parker, Sir. F. ix. p. 487 (1880 : Manaar, Ceylon,
breeds); Ridqiu. Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 624 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Cortvin,' p. 109
(1882 : not N. of St. Michael's, Alaska) ; Coiies, Check-list N. Amer.
B. p. 123 (1882) ; Milne-Edwards ^ Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois.
p. 650 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (Seal Is., N. Caspian,
breeds) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 427 (1883) ; B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 182 (1883) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 562 (Bonny) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr.
p. 703 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. <^- Flor. Palest, p. 135 (1884) ; Saunders,
4th ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 536 (1884) ; Baird, Brew. ^- Ridgxv.
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 280 (1884) ; Sharpe, Rep. Voy. 'Alert; p. 28
(1884) ; Seeb. Brit. B. iii. p. 268 (1885) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ;
Lutke, t. c. p. 146 ; Torre S,- Tsch. t. c. p. 563 (Dalmatia) ; Turner,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 252 (1885: Moose Factory, Hudson Bay) ;
Buchjier, Beitr. Russ. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 128 (1885 : St. Petersburg) ;
Alteon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudsha, breeds) ; Hartert, MT. orn.
Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia) ;
Gurney, Zool. 1887, p. 457 (England) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St.
Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57 (1888 : Turkestan) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888,
p. 505 (Warsaw) ; Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 141 (1889) ;
Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 347 (Cyprus) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889);
Saund. Man. Br. B. p. 625 (1889) ; Zaroud. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1889,
p. 841 ; Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Vlig. Beutschl. p. 62 (1889) ; Oates,
2nd ed. Humes Nests S)- Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 295 (1890 : Ceylon);
Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao) : Giitke, Vogelwarte Helgol.
p. 580 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 509 (Kiukiang) : Frivaldsky,
Ar. Hum/ar. p. 179 (1891); Madardsz, Ausst. Ung. Vogelf.
p. 121 (ltt91) ; Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia, resident) ;.
VOL, XXV. D
M
Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 258 (Adele Id., N.W. Australia) ; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft 2 (1892) p. 334 (Hainan) ; Sharpe,
Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. V (1893 : Suakin) ; Lilford, Col. Fif/s. Brit. B.
pt. xxviii. (1894) ; Eeichenow, Vog.Deutsch. O.-A/r.-p. 20 (1894). Sterna tschegi-ava, Le^jechin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. i. p. 500,
tab. xiii. fig. 2 (1770) ; Bidgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 39 (1887) ;
Nelson, Hep. Alaska, p. 68 (1887: Yukon); Beckham, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mtis. X. p. 644 (1888 : Texas) ; Rhoads, Pr. Acad. Philad.
1892, p. 101 (Texas) ; White, Auk, 1893, p. 222 (Lake Michigan). Larus atricilla, S. G. Gm. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 478, pi. xxii.
fig. 2 (1771 : Tscberkask). Caspian Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 350, and var. A, p. 351
(1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 385 (1843). Sterna caspica, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, ii. fasc. 3, no. 62 (1788) : Potcys,
Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Corfu & Epirus) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 337
(Moutli of Zambesi, breeding) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 306
(1890). Sterna megarbynchos, Wolfu. Meyer, Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 33, and fig.
(1805) ; Meyer u. Wolf, Tasch. deutsch. Vog. ii. p. 457, and fig.
(1810). Thalasseus caspius, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad.
1862, p. 537 ; id. Pr. Essex Inst. v. p. 308 (1868) ; Laivr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 299 (1866) ; Elliot, Neiv 8) Unfg. B. N. Am. ii.
pi. 56 (1869) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Etir. Occid. liv. x.
p. 5 (1886) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 274 (1887). Sterna scbiUingi, Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 641, tab. iv. (1822) ; id.
Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 681 (1824). Hydroprogne caspia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 91 & p. 196 (1829 : type
of genus) ; Fritsch, Viiq. Eur. p. 454, Taf. 54. fig. 11 (1870) ; GouU,
B. G. Brit. V. pi. 68 (1873). Sylocbelidon caspia, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 770 (1831) ; Bp. Comp.
List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ; id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 72
(1842) ; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840), and p. 100 (1841) ; Boie,
Isis, 1844, p. 186 ; Riijjp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845) ; J. E. Gray,
List Osteal. Spec. B. M. p. 122 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As.
Soc. p. 290 (1849) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. p. 37 (1850 : New
Jersey) ; Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 626 (1852) ; Lickt. Nomencl. Av.
p. 98(1854) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 345 (1855) ; id. Nanm. 1855, p. 295 ;
Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Jaicb. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.
Fr. p. 401 (1869) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328 (China); A. E.
Brehm, Reis. Hahesch, p. 229 (1863) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 36
(Egypt) ; Je7-d. B. Ind. iii. p. 835 (1804) ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc.
p. 115 (1864 : Lower Egypt) ; Philippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865) ;
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 392 (1865); Bias. J. f. 0. 1866,
p. 82 (revision) ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Ah/er., Ois. ii. p. 196 (1867) ;
Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 278 (1871); Stvinh. P. Z. S. 187],
p. 421 (China) ; Holdsw. oj). cit. 1872, p. 480 (Ceylon) ; Taczan.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 261 (E. Siberia) ; David ^- Oustal.
Ois. Chine, p. 522 (1877) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 1877,
p. 62 (Ton-es Str.) ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 386 (Carpentaria Gulf) ; Radde,
Or7i. Cauc. p. 484 (1884) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885,
p. 477 (Ussuria) ; Nikokky, Trud. St. Petersb. xvii. p. 402 (1886) ;
Giqlioli, Avif. Ital. p. 411 (1886) ; id. 1st Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 627
(1889) ; North, Nests f Eggs Austr. B. p. 352, pi. xx. fig. 3 (1889) ;
Radde ^- Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126 (Transcaspia) ; De la louche.
Ibis, 1892, p. 602 (S. China). Sylochebdon baltbica, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 769 (1831) ; id,
Vogelf. p. 345 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1866, p. 295.
4. HYDROPEOGNE. 36
Sylochelidon schillingi, Brehm, Viig. Deutachl. p, 770 (1831) ; id.
Vonelf. p. 346 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295. Helopus caspius, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1224. Thalassites melanotis, Sw. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 253 (1837) *. Thalassites, n. sp. ?, no. 405, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. xii. p. 225 (1840). Sylochelidon melauotis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186 ; Bt). C. Ii. xlii.
"p. 772(1856). Sylochelidon macrorhjniclia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186. Sylochelidon strenuus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 21 (Bass Straits and
Tasmania, breeds) ; id. B. Austr. vii. pi. 22 (1848) ; Reichetih.
Vof/. Neuholl. ii. p. 9 & p. 346 (18o0). Sterna cayana, Richards. Journ. Boat-Voy. i. p. 87 & p. 155 (1851 :
Great Slave Lake, breeds). Sylochelidon strenua, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856). Sterna melanotis, Hartl. Orn. West- Afr. p. 254 (1857) ; W. A.
Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 500 (Bonny, large colony). Sylochelidon caspica, Reichenb. Si/st. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and
Loncjipennes, p. 5 (1852). Sterna major, Ellman, Zool. s. s. p. 7472 (1861 : New Zealand). Thalasseus iinperator, Coues, Fr. Fhilad. Acad. 1862, p. 538
(Labrador). Sterna caspia, var. imperator, Ridgxo. Ann. Lye. N, Y, x. p. 391
(1874). Sterna (Thalasseus) caspia, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 667 (1874) ; id.
Key N. Anier. B. 2nd ed. p. 757 (1884). Thalas.seus caspicus, Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 336 (1884).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead, upper part of lores, crown, and nape glossy greenish black; mantle pale french-grey ; primaries the same -when new and frosted, but afterwards darker grey, turning to slate-colour on the margins of the inner webs; shafts white ; the usual paler " wedges" in the middle of the inner webs hardly perceptible ; tail greyish white to white ; entire under- parts pure white : bill vermilion-red, sometimes horn-coloured at tip ; tarsi and toes black. Total length averages 20 inches, culmen 3-3, wing 16-5, tail G, depth of fork 1-25, tarsus 1-65, middle toe with claw 1-7. There is considerable individual variation in dimensions, quite irrespective of locality.
Female. Similar, but shghtly smaller, with a weaker and less brilliantly coloured bill.
Adult in winter. Crown, nape, and lores streaked with white and black, the latter colour thickest about the eyes and ear-coverts ; bill orange-red, horn-coloured at the tip ; otherwise as in summer.
Immature. Like the above, but orbital patch blacker; wing- coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers with a good deal of brownish grey ; primaries ash-grey to dull brown towards the tips.
Young. Similar, but feathers of the mantle and tail mottled and barred with brownish black.
Nestling, one dag old. Above pale buff, inconspicuously mottled with dull brown, underparts dull white. Older nestlings show a greyer tint above.
Hah. Europe from about 60° N. lat. southwards : Asia to China (not in Japan) ; Malayasia, Australia, New Zealand ; Africa ;
* Type in Cambridge Museum examined.
d2
36
North America, from a little beyond the Arctic Circle to Florida on the Atlantic, and to California on the Pacific. Eggs deposited on sandy shores of seas and lakes.
a. Imm. st. h. Pull. sk. ; c. Pull. St.
d. 1mm. sk.
e. S ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
g. (5 ad. sk. h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
li. $ ad. sk.
/. S ad. ; m. $
imm. sk. 11, 0. S ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk. q. cJ ad. sk.
v-y.
r. c? ad. ; s. c?
imm. sk. t. 2 ad. sk. M. c? ad.
cJ 5 vix ad.
z. S, a'. 2
imm. sk. b'. 2 ad. sk. c', Juv. sk. d', 2 ad. sk.
e. 2 imm. sk.
f . Vix ad. sk. ff'. Ad. sk.
h' . 2 imm. sk.
i'. (S imm. sk. A;'. 2 "^'i^ ad. sk. ^'. Vix ad. sk.
m'. Juv. sk. n. Imm. sk.
o'. Ad. sir. ;?'. 2 ad. sk. q'. Ad. sk. r'. 2 ad. sk.
s'. Ad. st.
f '. 2 ad. sk.
" British Channel.''
Sylt, Frisian Is. (one day old).
Gambia, W. Africa. Bonny Eiver, W. Africa. Alexandria, Egypt, May {G.
E. S.). Damietta, Egypt, May {G.
E. S.). Suakin, Bed Sea.
Fao, Persian Gulf.
Sumianee Bav, Mekran Coast,
Feb. {A. O. H.). Karachi, February.
Karachi, March and Jidy {E.
A. Butler). Karachi, Feb. ( W. B. Mnloch). Manchar Lake, Sind, Feb. ( W.
T. BlanforcT). Manchar Lake, Jan.-Feb. {W.
T. B.). Manchar Lake {A. O. H.). Mehur, N. Sind, Jan. (A.O. H.).
Larkhana, Sind, Jan.(-i4. 0. H. ).
Deesa, Gujerat.
Futtebgm'h,April(^.-4?i(?«'sow).
Khandeish, May.
Khandeish.
Mangalore, Kanara Coast.
Trincomalee, Ceylon, Nov. {Col.
W. V. Legge). Sittang River, June. Ypana, Aug. (? Severtzoff). Kiukiang, Yang-tse, Nov. 18,
188.3. Shanghai, China. Amoy, China, Feb. (R. Sivin-
hoe). Amoy, March (B. S.). Formosa, March (B. S.). Australia. Channel Rock, ToiTes Straits,
June. Claremont I., N. Australia.
Oyster Rock, N.W. Austraha.
Purchased ? Gould Coll.
Gov. Rendall [P.]. W. A. Forbes Coll. SheUey Coll.
Shelley CoU.
Capt. R. H. Penton
u . D. Gumming,
Esq. [P.]. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Hume CoU. Seebohm CoU. Hume CoU. Tweeddale CoU. Plume Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
E. W. Gates [C.]. Tweeddale CoU.
F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.].
Gould CoU.
H. Saunders CoU.
Seebohm Coll. Seebohm Coll. Sir E. Home [P.]. Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Voy.H.M.S.' Rattle- snake.' Dr. Bassett Smith
[P.].
5. SEENA.
37
«', Ad. sk.
v'. Ad. sk. w'. Pull. St.
x'. Ad. st. y'. S ad. sk.
2'. S <id. sk.
vix ad. ; c" Pull. sk. <Z''. Ad. sk.
Australian Museum
[P.]. Gould Coll. Voy.n.M.S. 'Rattle- snake.' Sir G. Grey [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Bio- Id., Slave Lake, N.America. B. R. Ross, Esq. ^ ' [P.].
Cobb's Id., Virginia, Aug. 2 Salvin-Godmau Coll. (IT. W. Henshcao).
Port Jackson, N.S.W.
Melbourne. Actaeon I., Tasmania.
New Zealand,
South Id., New Zealand, Dec
a : 2^a. sk. Florida (C. J. Maymrd). H. Saunders Coll.
e"-k'. 6 2 ad. ; Corpus Cliristi, Texas, May- tealviu-Godman Coll.
^". 9 vixad.sk. ixAy,'^ov.(F. B.Armstrong). ^^. ^^ ^ ,,
m" 2 imm sk San Diego, Cdifoinia, Dec. Salvin-Godman CoU.
(H. W. H.).
n". c? ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.
{A. Forrer).
o" c? vix ad.sk. Presidio, W. Mexico, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(A F.).
n" 2 ad sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(yl. F.).
4'. Sternum. Purchased.
5. SEENA. Type.
Seena, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849) .... S. aurantia. Potaraochelidon, Heine, in Seine S,- Reivheyioios I\omencl.
Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890) S. aiirantia.
Ranr/e. India to Malacca.
1. Seena aurantia.
Sterna seena, Sykes,P.Z.S. 1832, p. l^l,. no- 231 ; /mZ. 3/«6?,-. Joimi. xii. (1840) p. 224 ; Grai/, Gen. B. in. p. 6o9 (184b) ; Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 70 (1850 : Deccan, Sijhes) ; Gray, Hand-LB. m. p. 121 (1871) ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 193 (1875 : Upper Pegu) ; id. Nests ^- Fffffs Ind. B. p. G48 (1875); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. G45 (revision); Butler, Str. F.iY. p. 32 (18/6: North Guzerat) ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 47 (1877 : Cachar, rarely) ; J. Aiiders. Yunnan E.vped. p. 693(1878); Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 492(18/8: Tenasserim) ; id. op.cit.Vin. p. 116 (1879: List Ind. B.) ; Ball, op. cit.Vn. p. 233 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 314 (1878) ; Scully, op. cit. vni. p. 364 (1879: a visitant to Nepal Valley); Leyf/e, B. Ceylon,^ p. 1003 (1880: not vet obtained in Ceylon) ; Eelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 201 (Malacca & Singapore); Sahin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 623 (1882_); hates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 423 (1883); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 3oO (1888 : Manipur) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Humes Nests .y Fgys Ind. B. iii. p. 308 (1890). ^ , . , ^^ „ .
Sterna am-antia, J. E. Gray, Hardw. Bl. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 69 iig. 2 (1832) ; G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Reichenb. Aatat., Novit. viii. tab. cclxxi. fig. 2260 (1850) ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p 281.
Sterna brevirostris, J. £. Grai/, Hardw. 111. Lid. Zool.;^. P|- 69. hg. 1, iuv (1832): Reichenh. Natat., Novit. vii. tab. celxx. tig. 22o9 (IftoU).
Sterna roseata, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 86, no. obo [cf. Grai/, Nepal don. p. 148]. n^n\
Sylochelidon aui-antia, Gray, List B. Br. Mus. p. l/o (lb44).
38 lAEID^.
Hydi'ocecropis aiirantia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Sylochelidon seena, Gray, Cat. M. ^ Birds Nepal pres. Hodgs,
p. 148 (1846), and ed. 1863, p. 78 ; Licht. Nmnencl. Av. p. 98
(1854). Seeua aurantia, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849) ; Layard,
Ann. Sf Maq. N. H. xiv. p. 271 (1854 : Ceylon, observed only) ;
Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (18.56) ; Jerdo7i, B. India, iii. p. 838 (1864) ;
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 403 (Umballa) ; Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 480 (not obtained in Ceylon) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 421 (Kattia-
war) ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 163 (1875) ; W.-Ramsay,
Ibis, 1877, p. 472 (Sittang) ; A. Anders. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 807
(cbick). Potamochelidon seena, Heine S/- Reiehenoiv, Nomenel. Mus. Hein^
p. 355 (1890).
Adult mah in hreecling-plumarie. Forehead, crown, nape, lores, and feathers beneath the eye, black with a greenish lustre ; mantle and tail-coverts dark pearl-grey ; primaries pale grey, frosted, passing into slate-grey near the tips and on the inner margins of the webs, the paler central " wedge " very slightly defined, shafts white ; tail-feathers pearl-grey, the outer pair greyish white ; under surface delicate grey, under tail-coverts pure white : bill orange- yellow ; tarsi and toes orange-red in the living bird, yellow iu preserved specimens. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1'8, wing ll'l, tail 8-5 to 9-5, depth of fork 5 to 6, tarsus 0-85, middle toe without claw 0*8, the claw varying greatly in length, and being sometimes 0*4 across the chord.
Female. Similar ; no appreciable difference in size.
Adult after autumn moidt. Forehead dull white, crown grey, orbital feathers and ear-coverts blackish ; bill horn-coloured at tip. By the end of January the lores and ear-coverts have become black, and the crown and nape dark grey. The eclipse must be very short in mature birds, for the finest male in the collection, obtained at Thatone on Dec. 10th, is in full plumage, with very long tail- feathers.
Immature. Like the above, with a brownish tinge on the inner secondaries and the tail-feathers.
Young. Forehead and crown huffish white, flecked with dark- ash-colour, over the eye a fairly defined white streak ; feathers of the upper parts vermiculated and barred with ash-brown, and broadly edged with huffish white : bill dull yellow, horn-coloured towards the tip.
Nestling undescribed.
Hah. Rivers, estuaries, and inland waters of India from Sind, Kashmir, and Nepal to the Deccan, but uncommon in Southern India, and not yet authenticated in Ceylon ; Assam, Western Yunnan, Burma, Malacca, to Singapore (Kelham). Eggs deposited on sand-banks.
a. Ad. sk. Hydrabad, Sind (H. Gould). India Museum [P.]-
b. $ ad. sk. Hydrabad, Sind, Feb. 4 (£. Hume CoU.
A. Butler). e. 2 imm. sk. Eohri, Sind, March 29 ( If. Hume Coll. T. Blanford).
5, SEENA.
3»
d. c? ad. sk.
e. 2 8'd- sk. /. (S ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
/(, /. <S ad. sk.
A. Juv. sk. l,7n. Ad. sk.
w. cJ ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk. p, q. 5 ad. et
juv. sk. r, s. S ad. et cJ iiniu. sk. t,u.(S 2 fid. sk. V. Ad. sk.
w» •■*'• d 2 ^^^
sk. y, z. c? ad. sk.
a'. 2 ad. sk.
i', c'. 2 ad.
sk. d', e'. Ad. sk.
/', ff\ Ad. ; h'.
Imm. sk. z'. Ad. sk. k', I', c? ad.sk. m',n'. Imm. et
juv. sk. o'. Ad. sk. j9'-s'. Ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
w', «'. d" 2 ad.;
«<?'. cJ imm. sk. .r'. Ad. sk. I/'. Ad. ; z', a".
Imm. sk. ; b",
c". Juv. sk. d",e" .S 2 ad.
ak. /". Ad. sk. g" . Juv. sk. A", {". Ad. ; A",
r . Imm. sk. m". Imm.sk.
n" . iS ad. sk. o". Ad. sk. p" . Ad. sk.
River Chenab, nr. Mooltan, Dec. 2 (.4. 0. Hume).
Madho Mehur, N. Sind, Jan. 17 {A. O. H.).
Jhelum River, Nov. 22 {A. O. H).
Kathiawar (//. L.).
Sambhur, Sept. 24 {R. M. Adam).
N.W. Provinces {S. P.).
Kashmir, summer {Col. Mar- shall).
Ilarwo River, Huzara, Feb. ( W. H. Umoin).
Urniwallah, Sirsa, March.
Umballah, Nov. [R. C. Beavan).
UmbaUah, Jan. {Dr. Scott).
Delira Doon, March {G. King).
Kumaon [Sir A. Strache;/).
Ramnug-ger, Kumaon ]^ha- bur, Feb., March {G.King).
Sultanpur, Gurgaon District, March ( W. N. Chill).
Delhi, March 19 (C. T. Bingham).
Futtehgurh, Oct. {A. Ander- son).
Futtehgurh, April and Sept. (^4. Anderson).
Etawah, Dec.
Cawnpore, May.
Allahabad, Dec. {J. Cockburn).
Lucknow, May, June {Col.
Way). Oudh. Nepal.
Darjeeling.
Bhotan {F. M. Montairo).
Bhotan Doars {L. Mandelli). Assam {McClelland).
Dipur Bheel, Assam, March
{A. W. Chennell). Cachar.
Dacca {Major Tytler). Dacca, January.
Behar.
Patna, February. Dinapiu- {S. PinwiU). Dinapiu'.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Hayes-Lloyd [P.], Hume Coll.
Capt. S. Pinwill Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
H. Saunders Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.]. H. oaunders Coll. India Museum.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume CoU.
Hume CoU.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.]. Hume Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll.
40 LAEIB^.
q",r". 1mm. et Sambalpur. Hume Coll,
juv. sk. s",t". S ad. sk. Raipiir. Hume Coll.
u". c? ad. sk. Mhow, February. Col. Swinhoe [P.].
v", w". cS ? ad. Khandeish, April & Dec. Hume Coll.
sk. (/. Davidson),
x". Ad. sk. Deccan. Col. Sykes [C.].
(Type of S. seena.) y". 2 ad. sk. Godavery, April ( W. T. H. Saunders Coll.
Blanford). z". S ad. ; a^. Bhamo, Jan. 20. Dr. J. Anderson [C,].
5 imm. sk. P. S juv.; c^ British Burma, Dec. {Major Tweeddale Coll.
5 ad. sk. Wardhnv Rainsaij).
(P, e\ S 2 ad. Tonghoo, April 21 (E. G. Tweeddale Coll.
sk. W. H.).
f\ 9 imm. sk. Tongkoo, Nov. 6 {H. G. W. Tweeddale Coll.
R.). f/^. (S imm. sk. Upper Pegu, Dec. H. Saunders Coll.
h^. Juv. sk. Lower Pegu, Jime 30 {E. H. Saunders Coll.
W. Oates). «■'. (S juv. sk. Lower Pegu, June 30 {E. Oates CoU.
W. O.). k\ 2 imm. sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. 30 {E. Oates Coll.
W. 0.). P. c? ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Sept. 14 (E. Oates Coll.
W. 0.). m\ n\ <S 2 Sittang Eiver, Dec. (li. G. Tweeddale Coll.
imm.; o\ 2 B'. R.).
j}\ c? ad. ; q\ 2 Sittang- Eiver, Feb. ( W. Hume Coll.
imm. sk. Davison).
r^2 ™"i-; •'^•c?' Thatone, Jan. 27, Nov., Dec. Hume Coll. <^M^2ad.sk.; (W. D.). v^. (S ad. sk. to^, x^. (S ad. sk. Kadai Keglay, Thatone, Hume Coll.
Dec. ( W. D.). j/3. 2 ad. sk. Wimpong, Thatone, Dec. Plume Coll.
{ W. D.). s^ a\ cS 2- ad. Khvkehto, Thatone, Feb. Hume Coll.
sk. (7r. D.).
¥. cj ad. sk. Younzaleen Creek, Salween Hume CoU.
11., Feb. (W.D.). c\d\ S 2 ad. sk. Moulmein, Dec. {W. D.). Hume Coll.
«*. Juv. sk. "India" {T. C. Eyton H. Saunders Coll.
Coll.).
6. STERNA.
Type.
Sterna, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) S. " hirundo."
Thalasseus, Boie, Jsis, 1822, p. 663 (pt.).
Sternula, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (pt.) S. minuta.
Actochelidon, Kat/p, Natilrl Syst. p. 31 (1829) S. cautiaca.
Thalassffia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 97 (1829) S. dougalli.
Pelecanopus, Wayler, Isis, 1832, pp. 277, 1225 S. bergii.
Onvchoprion, Wayler, Isis, 1832, p. 277 S. fuliginosa.
Planetis, Wagkr, Isis, 1832, p. 1222, S. fuliginosa.
G. STERNA.
41
Type.
Haliplana, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224 S. fuliginosa.
Ilydrocecropis, Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179 (pt.). Thalassipora, Bote, teste Riipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 140
(1845) S. fuliginosa.
Melanosterna, Blyth, J. A. S. Bemj. xv. p. .373 (1846). S. ausestlieta.
Ranrje. Cosmopolitan.
Key to the Species*
A. Crown black in breeding-plumage.
a. Bell}' black ; bill and feet yellow melanog aster, p. 43.
h. Belly white or grey.
«', Size larger ; wing never less than 9''5 in.
a". Forehead black to the base of the
culmen.
a'". Size smaller, wing less than 12 in. ;
feet red to livid.
rt*. Outer web of long streamers t
white, inner web darkish grey ;
belly white forsteri, p. 46.
b*. Outer web of streamers grey, or — if whitish — not contrasting sti-ongly with the colour of the inner web. «'. Inner webs of primaries not edged with white to their tips. a^. Upper tail-coverts white, in strong contrast with the gi'ey of the upper parts. a'. Outer tail-feathers not much ])rolonged, only exceeding the next by about ^ in. . . albistriata, p. 48. v. Outer tail-feathers produced into streamers, exceeding the next pair by more than an inch, fl''. Bill and feet red. a^. Mantle and underparts
dark smoky grey .... virgata, p. 50. U'. Mantle and underparts paler grey. a^°. Outer web of strea- mers very slightly
a". Smaller; under- parts grey .... tittata, p. 51.
h^^. Larger; under- parts nearly white hirundinacea,'-^. 52.
* It is hoped that this Key will prove sufficient even for the identification of birds in the winter and the immature plumages ; bearing in mind that any dar coloration, though diminished in those stages, is seldom wholly absent, and that the colours of the bill &c. are then duller. For further details reference must be made to the descriptions.
t For the sake of brevity the outer tail-feathers when prolonged and pointed are called streamers.
42 LARID^.
b^°. Outer web of strea- ■ mertj distinctly gTey. c^^. Dark bands next the shafts on the inner webs of primaries wider and darker ; tar- sus longer than the middle toe
without the claw Jluviatilis, p. 54. d^'^. Dark bands on inner webs of outer primaries much paler and narrower; tarsus short, not ex- ceeding middle toe without the
claw macrura, p. 62.
b^. Bill and feet blackish . . longipennis, p. 67.
b''. Upper tail-coverts and tail
gTcy, hke the mantle ; under-
parts dark vinaceous grey . . albigena, p. 69.
5'. Inner webs of primaries white
to the tips ; upper parts very
pale grey dougalli, p. 70.
b'" . Size large : wing more than 12 inches ; feet black ; feathers of nape prolonged and pointed. d^. Bill black, yellowish towards the
tip cantiaca, p. 75.
d*. Bill orange-yellow to red.
c'. Size larger : wing about 14'5
inches maxima, p. 80.
ff. Size smaller: wing less than 13 inches. c". Rump and tail grey, like the
back inedia, p. 86.
rf". Rump and tail white, con- trasting with the grey of the mantle. e". Bill orange-red ; angle of lower mandible far in ad- vance of the nostril elegans, p. 84.
d/. Bill chrome-yellow ; angle of lower mandible only slightly in advance of the
nostril eurygnatha, p. 85.
b". Front of the forehead white. c". Lores white, e*. Bill greenish yeUow, nape-feathers long. e\ Rump dark grey, like the mantle, bergii, p. 89. /5, Rump white, mantle very pale
grey bernsfeini, p.. 96.
/■'. Bill black frontalis, p. 97.
6. STERNA. 43
d!" . Lores black. ^'. Kump and tail white ; mantle slate- grey aleutica, p. 98.
h '. Rump as dark as the mantle ; bill black. y^. Size smaller : wiug about 10'5 inches ; uiiderparts white in the younnr. e'''. JNIautle dark smoke-gi'ey .... hmata, p. 100.
/". Mantle umber-brown ancestheta, p. 101.
h'. Size larger: wing about 12inches, mantle deep black ; underparts dark brown in the young .... fidiginosa, p. 106. b' . Size smaller : wing less than 8 inches, c". Forehead black to the base of the bill,
which is also black halcenarum, p. 111.
d" . Forehead white.
e'". Lores white nereis, p. 112.
/'". Lores black.
i'. Belly white ; bill chiefly yellow, i'. Bill tipped with black.
y'^. Upper surface of shafts of
outer primaries white sinensis, p. 113.
h^. Upper surface of shafts of
outer primaries dusky.
e'' . Only the two outer primaries
darker than the inner quills.
c*. Bump whitish, much
paler than the back. . . . 7ninuta, p. 116. d'*. Bump grey, concolorous
with mantle antillarum, p. 122.
/■'. Greater part of three outer primaries black, in strong- contrast to the inner quills, saundersi, p. 120. k'. Bill stouter, not tipped with
black siiperciliaris, p. 124.
k^. Belly grey ; tail slate-grey like the
mantle lorata, p. 126.
B. Crown always white ; nape, orbits, and ear-
coverts black ; mantle of the palest gTey ;
wings almost white melanauchen, p. 126.
C. Crown and nape white, merely a blackish
streak through the eye ; upper and under
parts the same tint of grey trudeaui, p. 1.30.
1. Sterna melanogaster.
Sterna melanogaster, Temm. PI. Col. livr. 72, pi. 434 (1827) ; Lesson, Traite, -p. 62-2 (1831); Fnmklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125; Jerdon, Madr. Journ. xii. p. 223 (1840) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 179 (1844); * Reichenb. JS'atat. tab. x.x. fig. 281 (1848); Bttryes
* Reichenbach, Schlegel, and others spell the specific name melanogastra ; but as this appears to have been done on no fixed principle, I h;ive placed all the references under melanogaster, as being botli correct and convenient.
44
P. P.-
iSckl.
Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (not obtained in Cevlon) ; Blt/th i,- Wald. B. Bunn. p. 163 (1875) : Smmders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 645 (revision) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 387 (1877 : Eeunion) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 492 (1878: Teuasserim) ; Davidson ^ Wenden, op. cit. rii. p. 93 (1878 : Deccan) ; V. Ball, torn. cit. p. 233 ; J. R. Crij)ps, torn. cit. p. 314 (E. Bengal) ; Hume, Str. F. \m. p. 116 (1879: List); Barnes, oj). cit. p. 460 (S. Afghanistan); Legge, B. Cerjlon, p. 1006 (1880 : never obtained in Ceylon) ; Saivin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 623 (1882 ; Malacca) ; W. Davison, Str. F. X. p. 419 (1883 : S.W. Mysore) ; Oates, B. Brit. Bunn. ii. p. 424 (1883); Huine, Str. F. xi. p. 350 (1888: Manipur; Cachar ; Brahmaputra) ; Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Hume's Nests S,- Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 310 (1890).
Sterna javanica, Horsf. Zool. Research. Java, Gen. Cat. p. 8 (1824: not in Tr. Limu Soc. sWi. 1820, ■wbich = H}'d. hvbrida) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 292 (1849) ; Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H.xiv. p. 271 (1854: Ceylon, not obtained); Irbi/, Ibis, 1861, p. 247 (Oudh & Kumaon) ; Jerdon, B. India, iii. p. 840 (1864) ; Bidqer, Ibis, 1869, p. 170 (Sikkini) ; Hume, Str. Feath. 1873, p. 282; id. Nests !^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 652 (1875); W. Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 472 (Sittang Hiver) ; J. Anders. Exp. W. Yunnan, p. 694 (1878).
Sterna acuticauda, J. E. Gray, Hardti\ III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 70. fig. 3 (1832 : Cawnpore) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 171 ; Reichenh. Natat., Novit. vii. tab. cclxx. fig. 2257 (1850).
Sternula melanogaster, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183.
Hydrocbelidon melanogastra, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846) ; Lickt. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856).
Sternula melanogastra. Bias. J.f. O. 1866, p. 74.
Sternula minuta, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 403 (Moulmein ; immature).
Sternula jerdoni, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 403 (Moulmein).
Hydrocbelidon iavanica (part.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122, no. 11073 (1871).
Pelodes javanica, Adam, Str. F. ii. p. 440 (1874: Cbota Nagpur rivers) ; Hume, op. cit. iii, p. 193 (1875 : Upper Pegu).
Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Centre of the forehead, crown, and nape black ; lores white ; neck grey ; mantle grey, with a slight brownish tinge on the inner secondaries ; outer primaries pale pearl-grey on the outer webs, with a slightlj' darker line inside the white shafts, and nearly white margins to the inner webs ; the succeeding primaries graduallj' darkening on their inner margins ; tail pearl-grey, outer webs of the streamers white ; under taU-coverts, vent, and abdomen black ; breast grey ; under wing and throat white : " bill bright o-ange-yellow ; iris brown " {Cripps) ; tarsi and toes dark orange-yellow. Total length 12-8 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 8-75, tail 6-25, depth of fork 3-8, tarsus 0-5, middle toe with claw 0'7.
Female. Similar to the male.
Adidt in tvinter. Forehead and crown grey, streaked with black, which becomes confluent round the eye ; underparts greyish white ; bUl horn-coloured at the tip. The eclipse lasts only a short time.
6. STEKNA.
45
Immature. Like the above, with a browner tinge to the upper feathers, and an ash-grey band along the edge of the carpal joint; bill and feet duller yellow.
Toiuuj. Upper parts variegated grey and buff, with blackish bars and striations, and stone-white margins to the flight- and tail- feathers.
Hah. Rivers and iiilaud waters, from Southern Afghanistan in the west to Bhotan on the east, and throughout India down to Tranquebar; ascribed to, but not yet authenticated in Ceylon; eastward, throughout Eurma down to Moulmein. Ascribed to Cochin-China by Dr. Tiraud. Once in the Island of Reunion after a tempest, teste Schlegel.
In the coloration of the undcrparts this species seems to approach Hijdrochelidon, but it is not a Marsh-Tern ; the tail is long and pointed, and the webs of the toes are not much indented. ° The eggs are deposited on the sand, close to the water.
|
a, |
b. Ad. sk. |
|
c. |
Imm. St. |
|
d. |
c^ ad. sk. |
|
e. |
$ ad. sk. |
|
/■ |
Ad. sk. |
|
9- |
Ad. sk. |
|
h, |
i. Ad. sk. |
|
k- |
-0. c? 2 ad |
|
sk. |
|
|
P- |
$ juv. sk. |
|
?• |
c? ; r. $ ad |
|
sk. |
|
|
s. |
Ad. sk. |
|
t, |
u. Ad. ; V. |
|
Imm. sk. |
|
|
w |
.r. 2 ad. sk |
|
y- |
Ad. sk. |
|
Ad.sk. |
|
|
a! |
Ad. sk. |
|
b' |
Imm. sk. |
|
c'. |
2 ad.sk. |
|
d' |
S ad. sk. |
|
e'. |
c? ad. sk. |
|
/■ |
Ad. sk. |
|
9 |
Imm. St. ; h' |
|
Ad. sk. |
|
|
i'. |
Imm. sk. |
|
k' |
Imm. sk. |
|
V. |
2 ad. ; m'. |
|
(S juv. sk. |
|
|
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Ad. sk. |
|
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])'. cJ ad. sk. |
|
9- |
cf imm. sk. |
|
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Ad. sk. |
Ranepoor, Upper Sind, Feb. 1885
{H. Got(ld). Roree, Sind.
Kussmore, Indus, Oct. {A. O. H.). Sambhm-, Oct. [E. M. Adam). Punjab, April. Lahore. Sirsa District. Gurgaon, Delhi, Jan., Feb. ( W.
N. Chill). Delhi, May 14 [C. T. Blnr/ham). Kumaou Ehabur, March {G.
Kim;) . Oudb', Feb. Etawab, Dec.
Futtehgm'h, May [A. Andersm). Nepal [B. Hodyson). SikhimTerai, Jan. (Z. MandelU). Bhotan Doars, Dec. {L. M.). Assam {Col. Sykes). Dibrughur (/. R. Crijjjjs). Kalleejung, Brahmaputra R.,
Dec. ( Jr. Davison). Julpigoree, Bengal, May {H. J.
Elwes). Dacca. Behar.
Dinapur (,S'. Pinwil/). Dinapur, Feb. ( TF. E. Brooks). Raipm-, Central Provinces, Jan.
Deccan (Col. Sykes).
Bhamo, Jan. 20.
Rangoon District, Dec. (S. G.
W. R.). Pegu, Dec.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
Hume CoL. Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll. India Museum [P.]. Hume Coll. Hume Coll. India Museum [P.]. Hume Coll. Hume CoU.
II. Saimders Coll.
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Tweeddale CoU. Hume Coll. Hume CoU.
India Museum [P.]. Dr. J. Anderson [C.]. Tweeddale Coll.
W.T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]-
46 LAEID^.
s',t'. c?$a(l. ; Lower Pegu, Oct., NoY. (E. W. Gates Coll.
u'. 2 imm. sk. O.). y', w'. d" 2 ad. ; Touglioo, May (-R. G. PF. i?.). Tweeddale Coll.
x'. S iuv. sk. U',z'. S 2 ad. ToDglioo, Dec. [R. G. TV. S.). Tweeddale Coll.
sk. d". 2 ad sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. (B. G. Tweeddale Coll.
IF. R.). b", c". c? 2 ad. Sittang River, Feb. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.
sk. tr'-i". c? 2ad.; Thatone, Oct.-Dec. (Tf. D.). Hume Coll.
k"-n". d'2
imm. sk. o". 2ad.sk. Tbaj-etmyo, Dec. H. Saunders Coll.
//', q". 6 ad. Houugthraw, Salween River, Tweeddale Coll.
sk. Feb. 28 ( W. Limborg).
2. Sterna forsteri.
Common Tern, var., Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i, p. 362 (1785 : Dr. Forster ; Hudson Bay).
Sterna birimdo, Sw. Sf Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 412 (1831 : Saskatchewan River).
Sterna forsteri, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 274, footnote (1834) ; Laim: Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 222 (1852: California); Baird, Cass. S,- Later. B. N. Amer. p. 862 (1858); Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. no. 691 (1859); Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 544; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 390 (Duefias, Guatemala) ; Salvin, op. cit. 1866, p. 199 (same loc.) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona) ; Bias. J.f. 0. 1866, pp. 74, 78; Coues, Pr. Essex Inst. v. p. 308 (1868: New England); Elliot, Neiv ^- Unjiq. B. N. Amer. i. Introd., tail figd. (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11026 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 569 (revision) ; iid. Komencl. At: Keotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1871, p. 44 (North Carolina) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 321 (1872) ; id. Check-list, no. 566 (1873) ; Ridffu: Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 676 (1874); Laivr. Me^n. Bost. Soc. N: H. ii. p. 318 (1874: Mazatlan) ; Hensh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 13 (1874 : Utah) ; id. Rep. Zool. Expl. 100th Merid. p. 486 (1875); LauT. Bull. U.S. Kat. Mus. iv. p. 51 (1876 : Tehuantepec) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 651 (revision) ; Ridgiv. Rep. Sun: 40th Par. p. 639 (1877) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 68 (1878: Galveston; breeds); Ridgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53, no. 685 (1881) ; Coties, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 123, no. 798 (1882) ; Stearns S,- Coues, New Engl. B.-Life, p. 369 (1883) ; Coiies, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 763 (1884) ; Baird, Brew., ^ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 292 (1884) ; Dreiv, Auk, 1885, p. 18 (Colorado up to 6000 ft.) ; Agersborq, t. c. p. 289 (Dakota) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 94 (1886) ; Ridgto. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 42 (1887) ; Selon, Auk, 1886, p. 147 (Manitoba; breeding); Scott, op. cit. 1887, pp. 274, 278, 279 (Florida) ; Toimsend, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 192 (1888 : N. California, breeds) : Beckham, t. c. p. 644 (Corpus Christi, Texas) ; Breicster, Auk, 1889, p. 66 (New England) ; Pindar, t. c. p. 31 (Kentucky; breeds); Shick, op. cit. 1890, p. 327 (New Jersey); IIex7ie ^ Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890) ; Thomps. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 469 (1890 : Manitoba, breeds) ;
C. STERNA. 47
Shufeldt, Auk, 1891, p. 366 (fossil remains: Oregon) ; Mhoads, Pr.
Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas). Sterna havelli, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. p. 122 (1839) : id. B. N. Amer.
pi. 409. fig. 1 ; id. Hynop. p. 318 (1839) ; id. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed.
viii. p. 103, pi. 434 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 6;'59 (1846) ;
Baird, Cass., l^- Laxur. B. N. Amer. p. 861 (1858) ; Coues, Pr.
Philad. Acad. 18(52, p. 543 (refers it to S.forsteri) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. lis, no. 11028 (1871). GelochelidoD liavelli {Aud.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187 ; Bp. C. R. xlii.
p. 772 (1856).
Adult male in lreedinf/-j>lumage. Forehead, upper half of lores, crown, and nape deep sooty black ; the nuchal feathers not prolonged into a crest; mantle pearl-grey ; tips of secondaries white ; primaries pale grey when new and frosted, blackish when worn, shafts white, webs on both sides grey, the " wedge " greyish white, inner margins dark grey ; rump white ; tail-feathers grey, except the streamers, which have white outer webs ; undcrparts pure white ; biU rather stout, orange-yellow, blackish for nearly its terminal half, the extreme tips yellowish ; tarsi and toes orange-red. Total length 14 to 15 inches, culmcn 1-7, wing 10-5, tail 7 to 8, depth of fork about 4-25, tarsus 1, middle toe with claw I'l.
Female. Similar, perhaps a trifle smaller, with less prolonged streamers.
Adult in winter. Similar, except that the head and neck are greyish white, with black streaks, which become confluent before and behind the eye ; tail-streamers less prolonged ; bill blackish ; feet yellowish hrown.
Immature. Like the above, but with a varying amount of dark brown on the inner secondaries and rectrices.
Young even browner, and tawny on the nape.
Downy nestling. Warm dark buff, thickly marked with black ; underparts lighter, but decidedly darker than in most nestlings of allied Terns.
Eah. Greater part of ]!^orth America, from the Fur Countries to Southern Texas (breeding) : Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala in winter ; once obtained at sea between 200-300 miles from Pernam- buco (Salv.-Godm. CoU.). Breeds in grassy marshes.
a. 2 pull. sk. Cobb's Isl., 'V'irginia, July ( W. II. Saunders CoU.
Brewster).
b. PuU. sk. Eepaza Marsh, Va., July {R. H. Saunders CoU.
Rid (J way).
c. S ad. sk. Cobb'.s Isl., Va. {R. Ridgicay). H. Saunders CoU.
d. c? ad. ; e. Cobb's Isl. Va., Aug. {H. W. Salvin-Godman Coll. Pull. ; /, y. Ilenshaw).
6,h. $ juv. sk. i, k. Ad. sk. Caper's Isl., S. Carolina, April, Salvin-Godman CoU.
May {J. H. Batty). I, m. Ad. sk. Grass Lake, Lake Co., Illinois, Salvin-Godman CoU.
June (E. Jr. A^e/son). n. (5 ad. sk. Cedar Keys, Florida, Feb. {S. Salvin-Godman CoU. W. Henshaic).
48
o,j). S ad. ; q- s. $ ad. ; t, u, V, Imm. sk
w, X. (S 2 ad. sk.
y, z. cJ ad. ; «', b'. $ad.; c'- c'. c? imm. sk.
/, {/'. 3 2 ad. sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
i'. Ad. ; k'. Juv. sk.
^'. 2 j^^^- ^•
m'. (S ad. sk.
n', o'. cJ ad.
sk. p'. S ad. sk. q'. S ad. sk.
r'. (S ad. ; s',
t;, u'. c? 2
imm. sk. v'. <S juv. sk.
w', x'. Ad. sk. ?/'. c? juv. sk.
s'. 2 imm. sk.
a" . Imm. sk.
Tarpon Springs, Florida, Sept. & Salvin-Godman ColL Jan. ( W. E. D. Scott).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May (F. Salvin-Godman ColL
£. Armstronff). Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(J^. B.A.).
Brownsville, Texas, May {F. B.A.).
San Antonio, Texas, June (JT. F. Dresser).
Koshkonong Lake, South Wis- consin, Jvme [Th. Kumlieii).
Koshkonong Lake, South Wis- consin {Til. Kumlien).
Utah Lake, July (Smithsonian Inst.).
Washoe Lake, Nevada, May {Henshaiv) .
California [F. Gruber).
Oakland, California, Feb. (Ken- sham).
San Diego, California, Dec. (Hen- shaiv).
La Paz, Lower California, Jan.
(Forrer). West Coast, Mexico. Tehuantepec, Feb. {Prof. F.
Sumichrast). Lake of Dueiias, Guatemala,
Oct. 28(0. .S.). At sea, 200-300 miles off Per-
nambuco.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll,
H. Saunders Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll. H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
3. Sterna albistriata.
Sterna antarctica, Wagl.Isis, 1832, p. 1223 (ex J. R. Forster, MS. ;
nee Lesson, 1831, which = S. ansestbeta); Forst. Descr. Anim.
p. 107 (1844) ; Gray, Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr., B'rds, p. 19 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 059 (1846) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1870, p. 367 ; id.
op. cit. 1872, p. 254 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 205 ; Rutton, Cat. N.
Zeal. B. p. 42 (1871) ; Biiller, Bds. N. Zeal. p. 283 (1873) ;
Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr., Birds, App. p. 32 (1875) ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 646 (revision) ; Bidler, Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 81
(1882) ; id. B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 70, pi. xxx. fig. sup. (1885) ;
Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530
(Chatham Is.). Hydrocbelidon albistriata, Gray, Voy. Erebus S; Terror, Birds,
p. 19, pi. 21 (1844) * ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846) ; Reichnb.
Natat. tab. xxi. fig. 817 (1848) ; B^). C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122 (1871).
* The specific name was originally printed alhostriata and was subsequently altered to albistriata by Gray himself.
G. 8XERNA. 49
Hydrocecropis antarctica (Forst.), Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Sternula antarctica {Forst.) ?, Bp. C. ii. xlii. j). 773, no. 141 (1856). Sterna cinerea, EUman, 'Ajoloyid, 1861, p. 7473. Sterna bveviunguis, I'elz. Hcise Novara, Voy. p. 152 (1866 : New
Zealand, in Vienna Mus.). llydrochelidon hybrida, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1867, p. 347.
Advlt male m breeding-plumage. Forehead, lores, crown, and nape deep black ; from the gape a broad streak of white passes under the eye and is continued to the nape ; mantle dark pearl- grey ; secondaries very slightly edged with white ; outer primaries with white shafts and pale grey margins to the inner webs : rump white ; tail-feathers dark pearl-grey except the outer pair of feathers, which are nearly white on the upper parts ; under tail-coverts greyish white ; breast and abdomen pearl-grey : bill bright yellow ; iridcs black ; tarsi and toes bright yellow. Total length 12 inches, ciilmcu 1-25, wing 10, tail 4-5-5, depth of fork 1*75 at most, tarsus 0'65, middle toe and claw 0-9.
Female. Similar, with perhaps less prolongation of the outer tail- feathers.
Adidt in ivinter. The head is probably greyish for a brief period.
Immature. Similar, with a dark band on the upper wing-coverts, which is retained until after the black head is assumed ; the upper parts dull grey.
Young. Head ash-grey mottled with black ; upper wing-coverts, inner secondaries, and tail-feathers with subterminal ash-brown markings : bill ochraceous yellow, blackish towards the tip ; feet dull yellow : otherwise like the immature.
ffab. New Zealand, chiefly the South Island ; once in Norfolk Island. Frequents rivers and plains, and deposits eggs on the bare ground.
The strongly contrasted white stripe below the eye and the somewhat short and slightly pointed tail doubtless led Gray to place this species in the genus Hydrochelidon ; but it is not a Marsh- Tern, its toes have not indented webs, and it is merely a some- what specialized link in the interesting chain to which the three following species of true Sea-Terns belong.
a. Ad. St. New Zealand. P. Earl, Esq. [0.].
(Type of species.)
b, c. Ad. St. Port Cooper, South Island, F. Strange, Esq. [C],
New Zealand. d, c. (S,f. 2 ad. ; Otago, N. Zealand, Sept. Hume Coll.
k. Ad. sk. Otago, N. Z. H. Saunders Coll.
I. (S ad. sk. Waimakariri, N. Z., Oct. H. Saunders Coll.
w. Juv. sk. Cape Campbell, N. Z., 41^ 45' H. Saunders Coll.
S. lat.
n. Juv. sk. Wellington, N. Z. H. Saunders Coll.
0. Ad. sk. Norfolk Island, 28° S. H. Saunders GoU.
50 LAKIDiE.
4. Sterna virgata.
? Southern Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 365 (1785: Christmas
"Island" [? Christmas Somid, Kerguelen Id.]) ; id. Gen. Hist.
X. p. 126 (1824). ? Sterna australis, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 608 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 809 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Method, i. p. 97 (1790) ; Stqih. in
Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 162 (1825) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 659 (1846). ? Planetis australis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 189. Sterna macrura (part.), Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 178, f, g
(1844: Kerguelen Id.). Sterna meridionalis {nee Brehm, nee Peak, nee Cassin), Layard, Ibis,
1867, p. 459 (Crozette Is., in Coll. B. M.). Sterna virgata, Cab. J.f. O. 1875, p. 449; Cab. S^ Reichen. J. f. 0.
1876, p. 328 ("Kerguelen) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 646 (revision
Sterninse) ; id. op. cit. 1C77, p. 794 ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
p. 402 (1878) ; Sharpe, Pep. Trans. Venus, Phil. Tr. clxviii. p. 112
(1878 : Kerguelen) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 164 (eggs) ; id. Voy. H.M.S.
' Challenyer^ ii. Birds, p. 133 (1881 : Kerguelen). Sterna vittata, Coues, Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mm. ii. p. 17 (1875 \mc
Gm., nee Pelzeln'], Kerguelen) ; Coues ^ Kidder, op. cit. iii. p. 11
(1876).
Adult in breeding-jjlumage. Similar to the previous species, but darker on the underparts, lo that the white moustachial streak £,uands out in stronger contrast between the grey chin and the black cap ; webs of primaries darker, especially the outermost ; shafts dull white to ash ; tail-feathers more prolonged and pointed, and with the entire outer webs of the streamers distinctly grey : bill blood-red (in the living bird) ; tarsi and toes orange-red, fuUy webbed. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 10, tail 6'25, depth of fork 3, tarsus 0"65, middle toe and claw 0-9, the claw short and stout.
In ivinier, or during the moult, the head is mottled with grey, and the bill, feet, &c. are yellowish to livid brown.
Young. Forehead brownish grey, crown and nape mottled with black ; feathers of upper parts broadly tipped with blackish brown, with subterminal spots of dull white on the inner secondaries ; under- parts greyish, flecked with brown. In fledglings both upper and under parts are marked with warm brown ; in fact the characteristic of the young of this species is the darkness of all the markings.
Hah. Kerguelen Island, and probably Heard Island ; also the Crozettes. A single egg is deposited among stones on the bare ground, at a moderate distance from the beach.
a. (S ad.; b. 5 juv. ; Kerguelen Island, 50° S. lat., Antarctic Exped.
c. Ad. sk. Southern Indian Ocean.
d. Ad. ; e. Juv. sk. Royal Sound, S.E. Kerguelen Transit of Venus
{Pev. A. E. Eaton). Exped.
J. Ad. sk. Royal Sound, S.E. Kerguelen H. Saunders Coll.
{Dr. Kidder, U.S. Eiped.).
f, h. Ad. ; t. Inmi. Christmas Harbour, N.W. Ker- H.M.S. ' Challenger '
sk. guelen. Exped.
6. STEENA. 51
k. Juv. sk. Betsey Cove, Kerguelen. H.M.S. ' Challenger '
Exped. /. Ad. sk. Crozette Islands, 46° S. {E. L. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Layard). m. Ad. sk. (spirit). Kerguelen. H.M.S. ' Challenger '
Exped.
5. Sterna vittata.
Wreathed Tern, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. pt. 2, p. 359 (1785 : " Christmas Island," ? Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island).
Sterna vittata, Gm. S. N. i. p. 609 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 807 (1790) ; Viem. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 106 (1819) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Peheln, Reise Novara, Vog. p. 152 (1865 : adult, St. Paul's Island) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 647 (revision Sternin») ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 795 ; Sharpe, Phil. Tr. clxviii. p. 113 (1878: Pep. Trans. Tentis; Kerguelen); Scmnders, Juurn. Linn. Sue. xiv. p. 402 (1878, distribution) ; id. Voy. H.M.S. ' Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 134 (1881^: Tristan da Cunha Group and Kerguelen Id.).
Sterna coronata, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 95 (1790) (e.v Latham, supra).
Hydrocecropis coronata, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Sterna macrura (part.). Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 178 (1844 : spec, e, Kerguelen).
Hydrocecropis vittata, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Sterna melanorhyncha (part.), Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 398 (1805: as regards MacgiUivray's examples from St. Paul's I.); Pelzeln, Peise Novara, Vog. p. 154 (juv., St. Paul's I.).
Sterna sancti-pauli, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 399 (1865 : St. Paul's I.).
Sterna melanoptera, Velain, Arch. Zool. exp. et gen. vi. p. 53 (1877 : St. Paul's I.).
Adult in hreeding-plumage. Very similar to the preceding species, but larger and generally of a paler grey ; the white moustachial streak prolonged to the nape ; tail nearly white, only the outer webs being of the palest grey ; shafts of primaries pure white : bill and feet cherry-red in the living bird. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 10-5, taU 7"o-b, depth of fork 4-o-5, tarsus 0-7, middle toe and claw 0'95 ; claws stout and short, or worn by attrition on the volcanic rock.
Adult in winter. Forehead and crown mottled grey and black ; otherwise like the above.
Immature. Similar to the above, but underparts white, a faint greyish band on the upper wing-coverts, and the outer webs of tail- feathers distinctly grey : biU and feet dull livid red to blackish.
Taunt/. Paler than in S. virgata and white on the abdomen ; the upper parts spangled and barred with whitish buff and black, much as in the next species S. hirundinacea.
Although a stouter and generally larger bird, S. vittata is not unlike the Arctic Tern, S. macrura, which sometimes wanders far South, but the former may always be distinguished by the greater breadth of the grey line oa the primaries inside the shaft.
£2
52
Hob. St. Paul's and Amsterdam Islands (breeding) ; Kerguelen -, Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Islands, and the Atlantic to the vicinity of Brazil. M. Velain describes this species as depositing its egg in the most inaccessible places in the crater at St. Paul's Island. There can be no doubt that Latham's locality " Christmas Island " (where no Tern except S. fuliginosa was found on Cook's voyage) was a mistake for Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, where Cook landed.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. c? ad. sk.
d,e.(5'ad. ;/. Juv.
ff. <S juv. sk. h. Imm. sk.
t. 2 imm. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I. Imm. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. c? juv. sk.
o,p. (J ad. St.
Kerguelen Island.
Royal Sound, Kerguelen
Island. St. Paul's Isl., c. 46° S., Jan.
1853 {J. Macgillivray).
St. Paul's Isl. (J. Macgillivray).
38° S. lat., 0° 57' W. lona-.
(/. M.). 36° S. lat., 6° 30' E. long.,
Nov. 20, 1852 (/. M.). Inaccessible Isl. near Tristan
da Cunha. At sea, 40° S. lat., 20^ E. long.
[G. Dou-her). At sea, between St. Helena
and Ascension, April {don.
E. Hargitt). At sea, 147 m. S.E. of Imbi-
tuba, S. Brazil, July {H.
M. Harrison, H.N.). Cape of Good Hope (sea).
Antarctic Exped.
H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Esped.
Gould Coll.
(Type of S. sancti- pavli, Gould.)
Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle- snake ' [P.],
Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle- snake ' [P.].
Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle- snake' [P.].
H.M.S. ' ChaUenger ' Exped.
Hume Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.
Sh- A. Smith [P.].
6. Sterna hirundinacea.
Sterna hirundinacea. Less. Traite, p. 621 (1831 : Santa Catharina, Brazil; cf. Puch. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 539*) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 647 (revision) ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 796, and Voi/. H. M. S. ' Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 135 (1881 : Magellan Strs.) ; i)urnf. Ibis,
1877, p. 43 (Chuput, Patagonia) ; id. op. cit. 1878, p. 404 (Tombo, immense breeding colony) ; Sharpe,P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Magellan Straits); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 522 (Peru & Chile); A, Milne-JEdicards, Faun, regions Aiistr. ch. iv. p. 34 (1882) ; Mac- Farlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208 (Chimbote, Peru, 9° S. lat.) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 440 (1886) ; *SW. ^- Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii, p. 196 (1889) ; Oustalet, Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, p. 183 (1891).
Sterna hirundo, Neuwied, Beitr. iv. p. 865 (1833 : Rio de Janeiro). ? Sterna minuta [lapsus calami ?], Lesson, H. N. Mamm. et Ois<
p. 155 (1834 : Falkland Islands). Sterna acutirostris, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, pt. 1, p. 389 ; id.
Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 53, 306 1 ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 659 (1846). Hydrocecropis hirumdinacea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179 (e.v Cuvier).
* Type iu Paris Museum examined.
t Type in Neuchatel Museum examined.
6. STERNA. 53
Sterna antarctica, Peak, U.S. Expl. Evp. p. 280 (1848) [nee Lesson,
nee Wagler, nee Forst^ ; Phil, et Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (1868). Sterna wilsoni, Bunn. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 451 (1856) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
p. 325 (1871 : Eio de Janeiro). Sterna meridionalis, Cassia {nee Brehm), U.S. E.vpl. Exp. p. 385
(1858) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 15 (1863) ; Bias. J.f. 0.
1866, p. 74. Sterna cassinii, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166 ;
Pelz. Reise Novara, Vo;/. p. 153 (1865 : Chiloe Island, Chile) ;
Scl. ■^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 570 (revision') ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 118, no. 11025 (1871); Cimnintjh. Str. Mayell. pp. 74, 404
(1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 147 ; iid. Nomencl. Av.
Neotrop. p. 147 (1873). ? Sterna vii'gata, Pagenstecher, Ber. Naturhist. Mus. zu Hamburg,
1884, p. 25 (1885), and Neumayer, Deutsch. Ecped. Bd. ii. p. 265
(1890: South Georgia Is.).
Adult in hreeding-'plumage. Forehead, greater part of lores, «rown, and nape black, bordered by a white streak from the gape backwards ; hind neck and mantle pale pearl-grey, the secondaries and upper primaries broadly margined with white; rump and tail- feathers white, with a grey tinge on the outer webs ; underparts pale pearl-grey, passing into white on the vent : iris black ; bill and legs vcrmilion-red. Total length 16-16".5 inches, culmen 1"75, wing 11-8, tail 7, depth of fork about 4, tarsus 0-8, middle toe with claw 1*1 ; webs a trifle more indented than in >S'. vittata, and nails longer.
Adult in lulnter. Forehead and crown mottled with white, and underparts nearly white, but the eclipse only lasts a short time.
Immature. Similar to above, but with more grey on the tail- feathers, and the outer webs of the primaries are darker grey.
Young birds show a conspicuous brownish bar along the upper wing-coverts *, and the mantle is spangled and barred with blackish- brown and white (warm buff in fledglings) : bill blackish, feet reddish yellow.
Nestling, Upper parts olive-brown, thickly mottled with umber ; throat nearly black, remaining underparts dull white : " feet orange " {J. Young).
Hah. South America — on the East side from Bahia downwards, breeding from Rio de Janeiro to the Straits of Magellan, the Falk- land Islands, the South Georgia and South Shetland Islands, and the land to the south of Cape Horn ; on the West side, up to Chimbote, Peru. Breeds in large colonies.
rt.Jiiv.sk. 'B&\i\a.,'ErAZ\\ {Dr. Luschiiath). Salvin-Godman Coll.
b. Imm. sk. Bahia, Brazil {Dr. Wueherer). H. Saunders CoU.
c-f. 2 ad.; q, Rio de Janeiro, July-Aug. H. Saunders Coll.
'h, i. S 2 juv. {H. M. Harrison, R.N.). sk.
* The afRnities of <S. hintndiiiacca are, on the whole, with the three pre- ceding species, but the breadth of the band on the upper wing-coverts of the young bird indicates an approach to S.Jltiviafilis and allies, of the Northern hemisphere.
54
k-o. Ad. ; p, q.
Pull. ; r. Juv.
sk. s, t. Ad. sk.
M. c? juv. sk.
y. (5' ad. ; w.
Imm. sk. X. d ad. sk.
y,z,a'. S $ ad.
St.; b' . (S ad.
sk. c'. Ad.sk.
d'. 2 ad. sk.
e',f'. Ad. ; 5^', A'. PuU.sk. i'. 2 ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk. ^'. Ad. St.
m'. cJ ad. ; n'. 2
ad. sk. 0'. d ad. sk.
^'. cf ad. sk. q'. (S ad. ; r' .
Pull. sk. s'. 2 ad. sk.
t'. Jup. st. u', v'. (S juv.
sk. w', x'. Imm. sk.
y',z'. Ad. etjuv.
sk. a", 6". c? ad. sk.
Rio de Janeiro, Mav 30-June 26 {J. Young).
Santa Catharina, S. Brazil
[Rogers). 80 miles S. of Bahia Blanca, Jan. {H. M. Harrison, R.N.). Chuput, E. Patagonia, Nov.
Port Santa Cruz, E. Pata- gonia (J. M. Campbell). East Falkland Island.
Falkland Islands ( Capt.
Abbott). Falkland Islands (Capt.
Abbott). Falkland Islands, Jan.
Uranie Bav, Falkland Is.,
Nov. 21, 1842. Magellan Straits ( Weisshaupt). Magellan Straits.
Elizabeth Is., Magellan Straits.
Messier Channel, Magellan Strs.
Port Desire, Aug. {J. Young). Tom Bay, W. Patagonia (Dr.
Coppinger). Cockle Cove, W. Patagonia,
Oct. [Dr. Coppinger). Chile (Cuming). Chile {E. C. Reed).
Coqmmbo Bay, Nov. (Adin.
A. H. Markham). Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. -Sept.
(Adm. Markham). Chimbote, Peru, 9° S. lat., Aug.
(Comm. MacFarlane).
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll, H. Saunders Coll.
H. Dumford, Esq,
[C.]. H. Saunders Coll.
Antarctic Exped.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
J. Gould, Esq.
H. Saunders Coll.
McCormick Bequest.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy, R.N.
[P.J.
H.M.S. ' Challenger '
Exped. H.M.S. ' Challenger '
Exped. H. Saunders Coll. Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert/
T. Biydges [C.]. H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
7, Sterna fluviatilis.
The Common Tern.
The Greater Sea Swallow, Albin, Nat. Mist. B, iii. p. 81 (1740).
La Grande Hirondelle-de-Mer, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 203, pi. xix. fig. 1
(1760). The Greater Tem, Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 144, pi. 1* (1766) ; id.
Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. p. 428 (1788). Larus bicolor. Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 81, no. 110 (1769) (imm.), Larus hirundo. Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82, no. Ill (1769). Larus sterna, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82, no. 112 (1709) (imm.).
6. STEBNA. 55
? Larus columbinus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82, no. 113 (1769)(juv.).
Le Pierre-garin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 331, pi. xxvii, (1783).
L'Hirondelle de Mer, Daubent. PL Enl. pi. 987 (1786).
The Common Tern, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 361 (1785) ; Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 181 (1821) ; Ya'rr. Brit. B. iii. p. 396 (1843).
Sterna hirundo (part.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) ; P. L. S. ^ Midi. S. N. p. 3.52 (1776) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 606 (1788).
Sterna hirundo, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 807 (1790); Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 828 (1791); Meyer Sf Wolf, Taschenh. ii. p. 459 (1810) ; Pallas, Zouqr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 333 (1811) ; Illiger, Prodr. p. 272 (1811) ; Wilson, Am. Orn. vii. p. 76, pi. 60. fig. 1 (1813) ; Meisn. S( Schins, Voy. Schiveiz, p. 261 (1815) ; Meyer, Vog. "Liv- u. Esthl. p. 229 (1815); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 481 (1815), 2nd ed. p. 740 (1820) ; Each, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 366 (1816) ; Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1816) ; Nilss. Orn. Suee. p. 156 (1817) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 678 (1822) ; Licht. Verz. Do%M. p. 81 (1823) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 688 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 150, pi. 18 (1825) ; Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wilson, no. 241 (1826) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 354 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 6 (1828) ; Vieill. Faune l'ranq.,Ois. p. 401 (1828) ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 143 (1828) ; Kaup, Natitrl. Syst. p. 26 (1829) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 621 (1831) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 85 (1831) ; Siv. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 412 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 551 (1832) ; Jard., Ed. Wilson's Amer. Oni. ii. p. 368 (1832) ; Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 468, pi. xc. fig. 1 (1833) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 271 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 266 (1835) ; Gould, B. Eur. V. pi. 417 (1837) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 74 (1838) ; id. B. N. Amer. folio, pi. .309; id. Synops. p. 318 (1839); Dickson <^ Ross, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 1.35 (breeds, Erzeroom) ; Schinz, Eur op. Faun. p. 373 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 474 (1810) ; Naum. Viig. Deutschl. X. p. 89, pi. 252 (1840) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirh. Eur. pp. xcvii & 246 (1840) ; Teimn. Man. d'Orn. ed. ii. 4e pte. p. 458 (1840) ; Nordm. in Dernid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 278 (1840) ; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840), & p. 100 (1841) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Belq. p. 150 (1842) ; Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 231 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 347 (1844) ; Audub. B. N. Am. 8vo, vii. p. 97, pi. 433 (1844) ; BouteiUe, Orn. Dauphine, ii. p. 235 (1843) ; Gray, List Anseres B. M. p. 177 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxix (1844) ; MUhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 145 (1844) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Eg-s'pt & Red Sea) ; Farr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 504 (1845) ; He^viis. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 427, pi. 120. fig. 1 (1846) ; GroT/, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xix. figs. 269-273 (1848) ; id. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. v (1852) ; Degl. Ois. Eur. ii. p. 342 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 292 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 281 (1851) ; Macgill. Brit. B. y. p. 638 (1852) ; Brandt, in Lehmann's Reis. n. Buchara, p. 330 (1852) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 329, Taf. 40 a (1852), and Suppl. Taf. 20. tig. 3 (1854) ; Licht. Nomencl. A i\ p. 97 (1854) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 608, pi. 357 (1854) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : N. Egypt) ; Mei/er, Brit. B. vii. p. 82, pi. 291 (1857) ; Jaub. S^Lajwmm. Rich. Oni. Fr. p. 403 (18'j9); Jo7ies, Nat. Bermuda, p. 91 (1859); Powys, Ibis, I860, p. 356 (Ionian Is.) ; Si7npson, t. r. p. 393 (Missolonghi, breeding) ; Linderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 178 (1860) ; Irbg, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oudh & Kumaon) ; Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea) ;
56
Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 240 (1863) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 48. fig. 4 (1863) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 327 (Hankow, not on coast); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 839 (1864) ; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865) ; Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 456 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 201 (1867) ; Pelz. J. f. O. 1868, p. 37 (Upper Indus) ; Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. ii. pi. 84 (1868) ; Pelz. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 37, and Ibis, 1868, p. 321 (Upp. Indus, StoUczka) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 144 (1869) ; Uroste, Vogeliv. Borkum, p. 328 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 458, Taf. 64. fig. 4 (1870) ; Allen, Bull'Harv. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422 (China) ; R. Gray, B. West. Scotl. p. 466 (1871) ; Coues,Key N. Amer. B. p. 320 (1872) ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 222 (Canaries) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 70 (1873); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Palmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 568 (1873) ; Pidgiv. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 680 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. E.rpl. lOOth Merid. p. 486 (1875) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1875, p. 261 (East Siberia) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 211 (1880) ; Seebohn, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (N. Caspian) ; Bolau, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 342 (Lake Baikal) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1882) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 77 (Pamir lakes, breeding) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 762 (1884) ; C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 425 (Chamba) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgiv. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 295 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 486 (1884) : See- bohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 280 (1885); Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 {Dobrudscha) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 276 (1887) ; Hartert, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia, breeding) ; Radde ^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126 (Trans- caapia) ; Giitke, Vogeltv. Helgol. p. 585 (1891) ; Hartl. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. Hft. ii. p. 334 (1892: Tientsin) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries, breeds) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 309 (Aruba), p. 326 (Curasao), p. 337 (Bonaire) ; Collett, Norges Fuglef., Nyt May. Nafurv. Bd. xxxv. p. 314 (1894). Sterna fluviatdis, Naum. Isis, 1819, pp. 1847, 1848 ; Brehm, Vog, Deutschl. p. 779 (1831); Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 122 (1864); Godman, Ibis, 1806, p. 102; id. Azores, p. 37 (1870); Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 263 (C. Good Hope) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 242 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 280 (1871) ; >Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (S. Spain) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11021 (1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 75 (1872) ; Sharpe ^ Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 263, pi. 580 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 299 (1872) ; Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 361 (1872) ; Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christ, p. 291 (1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia) ; Hume S^ Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 303 (1873: Yarkand): Heuf/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1418 (1873); Dnrnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N.Frisian Is.); Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p." 210 (1875) ; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 203 (Yar- kand, breeds) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (Turkestan, up to 4000 ft.); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 293 (1876) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 649 (revision) ; David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 525 (1877); Collett, Nyt Mag. Naiurv. 1877, p. 214 (Norway) ; Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. ^.278 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, f. 1015 (1880); Htime, Str. F. viii. p. 116 (1880 : list) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 418 (1882 : Mysore) ; Salvin, Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 623 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 180 (1883) ; Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. Iviii. p. 136 (1883); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 701 (1884) ; Saunders, Uh ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 549 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Fl. Palest, p. 135 (1884) ; Bilchner,
6. STERNA. 57
Beitr. Russ. Eeiche,%(2) ii. p. 127 (1885 : St. Peters?TDurg) ; Homeyer, 0rajs,1885, p. 81 ; Lidke, t. c. p. 146 (Denmark) ; Torre Sf Tsch. t. c. p. 563 (Austria, Hungary); Albarda, t. c. p. 630 (Holland) ; O. Winye, op.cit. 188G, p. 593 (Denmark: breeds) ; Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 552 (Ui)per Rhine, breeds) ; JMiUehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 4G (Corsica) ; Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 254 (N.W. Marocco) ; GiglioU, Avif. Ital. p. 415 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 43
(1887) ; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 393 (Portugal) ; Booth, Rovc,h Notes, iii. (1887) ; H.-Brown ^- Buck!. Faun. Sutherl. p. 227 (1887) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 505 (Poland, br.) ; Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 79 (Tenerife, breeds) ; H.-Brown ^- Buckl. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 141
(1888) : Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Pitersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 57 (1888 : Turkestan) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Riesenth. Wasser-Vog. Mitteleurop. p. 142 (1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 347 (Cyprus) ; Reichenoiv, Sxjst. Verz. Viiq. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ; Saunders, 3Ian. Brit. B. p. 631 (1889) ; ^Keller, Orn. Carinth. p. 307 (1890) ; Buckl. Sf H.-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 228 (1891) ; Fri- valdsky, Av. Hung. p. 179 (1891) ; Madardsz, Aust. Hung. Vogelf. p. 120 (1891) ; GiglioU, i. Resoc. Ar. Ital. p. 630 (1889) ; id. ii. Resoc. p. 661 (1890) ; id. iii. Resoc. p. 517 (1891) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 211 (1890) ; Heine S^- Reichenoic, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890) ; Sawiders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake Leman) ; Dresser, t. c. p. 370 (Erzeroum) : Sti/an, t. c. p. 509 (Lower Yangtse) ; Cory, Cat. B. W. Indies, p. 278^1892: Bahamas); De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Swatow, breeding) : H.-Broion S^- Buckl. F. Argyll ^■c. p. 185 (1892) ; Bilttikofer, C. R. ii. Congr. Orn. Intern. ii. p. 175 (1892: Liberia) : Tristram, Ibis, 1893, p. 217 (17 &XKvi>v of Eretria).
Sterna nitzschii, Kaup, Isis, 1824, p. 153 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659
(1846). Sterna pomarina, Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 781 (1831). Sierna marina, Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (1836). Sterna senegalensis, Siv. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 250 (1837) ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Hartl. Orii. W.-Afr. p. 255 (1857); Cass.
Pr. Pkilad. Acad. 1859, p. 176 (Gamma River, W. Africa);
Schley. Mus. P.-Bas, Stemse, pp. 16, 17 (1863) ; Bocage, Jom.
Lisb. p. 149 (1867). Sterna wilsoni, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Lawr. B. N.
Ainer. p. 861 (1858) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 247
(Labrador) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 118, no. 11024 (1871) ; Sno2U, B. Kansas, p. 12^(1873). Hydrocecropis senegalensis (Stc), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Hydrocecropis hirundo, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. Hydrocecropis wilsoni, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179. ? Sterna nilotica, Riipp. St/st. Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : Nile) ; Heuyl.
St/st. Uebers, ip. 71 (1856: N. Eirv-pt). Sterna blasii, Brehm, Naum. 18o5,"p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 348 (1855). Sterna P, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 389, no. 9 (San Jose de Guate- mala) . Sterna macrodactyla. Bias. J.f. 0. 1866, pp. 75,79 (Cape Good Hope). Sterna maeroptera. Bias. J. f. O. 1866, pp. 76, 79 (Cape Good
Hope) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 303 (1870 : Zoulla) : Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11023 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1418 (1873): Reichenoic, J.f. O. 1877, p. 10
(Loango) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 510 (1881). Sterna dousalli, iMyard, B. S. Afr. p. 369 (1867) ; Chapman, Trav.
S. Afr. ii. p. 424 (1868).
58 LAKID^.
Sterna tibetana, Saund. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 649 ; Hume, Str. Feath. v.
p. 485 (1877: Tibet, N. of Sikkim) ; id. Str. Feath. viii. p. 158
(1879: Tonka, Malay Pen.). Sterna major, Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. pt. x.
p. 28 (1886). Sterna liiruudo macroptera, Hartert, Kat. Voffelsamml. Senckenb.
p. 239 (1891).
Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Forehead, upper lores, crown, and nape black : mantle rather dark pearl-grey ; secondaries narrowly margined with white ; outer primary with a black outer web, and a broad streak (0"4 in.) of very dark grey next the white shaft on the inner web, the rest of the inner web white, except towards the tip, where it is dark ash-grey ; inner primaries paler grey, with white '• wedges " and dark grey margins to the inner webs ; rump whitish ; tail-feathers white, with grey outer webs, those of the streamers darkest ; chin and cheeks white ; breast and beUy pale vinaceous grey ; under wing- and under tail-coverts white : bill coral-red, the extreme tip horn-colour ; irides dark brown ; tarsi and toes coral-red. Total length 14'25 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 10-5, tail 6'5, depth of fork 3-25, tarsus 0*85, middle toe with claw 0-95,
Female. Similar to the male.
Adidt in ivhiter plumage. Like the above, but the forehead and crown streaked and mottled with white ; colours of bill and feet much duller from September onwards, underparts paler.
Immature. Like the above, but the forehead white ; a dark grey band along the upper wing-coverts ; underparts distinctly white.
Young (in August). Mantle barred and mottled with ash-brown ; outer webs of tail-feathers dark grey ; band on the wing-coverts more extended than in the immature bird ; otherwise similar. In fledglings the upper parts are much marked with warm buff.
Up to about the end of September the colours of the bill and feet become brighter, but afterwards they rapidly go back and become more or less horn-coloured.
Nestling. Forehead and throat brown ; upper parts stone-buff, spotted and streaked with black ; underparts white ; feet yellow.
At one time I thought that birds from Tibet might be specifi- cally distinguished, but the inspection of a large series has proved unfavourable to this view.
Hah. Coasts, rivers, and inland lakes of Europe and temperate Asia (breeding); India, Ceylon, and South Africa in winter; tem- perate North America to Texas (breeding), but scarcely known on the Pacific side ; southward to Bahia, Brazil, in winter.
a. Ad. st. Great Britain. W. Yarrell, Esq.
[P.].
h. Juv. St. Great Britain. Dr. Smith [P.].
c. S ; d- Juv. ; Dungeness. Capt. Verner [P.].
e. Pull. sk.
f-q. Ad. ; r-v. Dungeness. Capt. Verner [P.].
Pull. St.
0. STERNA.
59
w-y. Juv. St. ;
z-h'. S $ juv.
»■'. $ ad. sk. k'. PuU. sk. I'. Ad. sk. m'. Ad. sk. «'. Ad. St. o'. (f ad. sk. ; p' .
Juv. st. y'. Ad. sk. r'. (5 ad. sk. s'. Ad. st.
^'. $ ad.; u,v'.
2 juv. sk. w'. ham. sk.
x'. S voam., sk.
y'. 2 ad. sk.
z', a" . Juv. st. 6". (S ad. sk. c". 2 ad. sk.
d". Ad. ; e",f"
Pull. sk. </". Juv. sk.
/)". S ad. ; i".
2 ad. sk. A-". Ad. St.
I" ,m". Ad. sk. n", o". PuU. sk. p". c? ad.sk.
g-". Ad. st.
?•", s". Pull. St. t'fU". Pull. st. y". (5 ad. sk.
to". Pull. sk. .v". Juv. sk. y". Juv. sk. z". d juv. sk.
a'. Juv. sk.
6'. c? ad. sk. c^. cJ juv. sk. d\ 2 ad. ; e\
Pull. sk. /'. d ad. sk.
^^ A'. 2 ad. sk.
Romney, Keut, Aug.
Romney, Kent, June.
Strathtieldsaye.
Sussex.
Sussex.
Shoreham, Sussex.
Hastings.
Budle Bay, June.
Scilly Islands.
Tenby, Oct. {H. S.).
Cookliam, Berks, Dec. {li. B,
Sharpe). Blakeney, Norfolk, Sept.
{C.Dack). Blakeney, Norfolk, Aug.
(H. S.). Wells, Norfolk, July. Wells, Norfolk, July. Fame Islands, June 12, 1865
(snared on eggs, H. S.). Buddon-ness, Firth of Tay,
June. Buddon-ness, Firth of Tay,
July. Loch Lomond, June {A. An- derson). Sound of Harris, Hebrides,
summer. Orkneys, summer {J. Dunn). Orkneys, summer {J. Dunn). Strangford Lough, Ireland,
Aug. Ballinamuck, Ireland.
Sylt {J. Baker).
Sylt.
Blaaflaten, Norway, June
(Har vie- Brown). Holland. East Prussia. France. Le Havre, France, Sept. ( V.
Pluche). La Coruna, Oct. 2. Malaga, June. Malaga, Aug. Sardinia {J. J. Dalglcish).
Missolonghi, Greece,
{H. Seebohm). Lepanto, Greece, May
Seehohm).
June
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
II. Saunders Coll. Tweeddale Coll. Montagu Coll. W.Yarrell, Esq. [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.]. Hume Coll. Salvin-Godman CoU.
D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
11. Saunders Coll.
Dr. Giinther [P.]. Dr. Giinther [P.]. H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.
Seebohm Coll.
Theodore Walker,
Esq. [P.]. Gould CoU. Salvin-Godman CoU. H. Saunders Coll.
0. Coningham, Esq.
[P.]. J. Gould Coll. Pm'chased. II. Saunders CoU.
Seebohm Coll.
E. Hartert, Esq. [P.]. Mons. Baillon.
H. Saunders Coll.
Dr. Seoane [P.]. H. Saunders CoU. H. Saunders CoU. H. Saunders CoU.
H. Saunders CoU.
{H. Seebohm CoU.
60
t'. Ad. sk. A'. S ad. sk.
P. Ad. sk.
m^. Imm. sk.
w', o'. Imm. sk.
jB^. Imm. sk.
q^, r^. Ad. sk.
s^. Imm. sk. f^. Imm. sk.
M^, j)^. Imm. sk.
vfi. Imm. sk.
ar'. Juv. sk.
y^. Juv. sk. z'. Ad. sk. a*. Ad. St.
¥. 5 imm. sk.
c', d*. (S imm. ;
c''. 5 imm.
sk. /*. 5 imm. sk.
<7'. $ad.; ASi^
cJ imm. sk. /c'. 2 imm. sk.
l\ Ad. sk. ?n',w^. Ad. sk. oK Ad. sk.
p'. c? ad. sk. g-', r'*. Ad. sk. s^ ^. Ad. sk.
«•". 2 ad. sk. V*. cj ad. ; wK
S vix ad. ; r^.
Ad.; 2/^ Juv. sk 2*. Ad. sk.
a', P. Ad. sk. c^ Juv.sk.
<Z°. 2 ad. sk. e°. cj ad. sk. f\ Pull.sk.
Sea of Marmora (Robson). Flores, Azores {F. D. God-
7iian). St. Michael's, Azores {F. D.
Godman). Accra, Gold Coast, Feb. ( Capt.
G. E. SMley). Accra, Feb. {Capt. G. E.
Shelley). Walvisch Bay, Damara-land,
Oct. (C J. Andersson). Walvisch Bay, Damara-land,
Oct. (C. J. Andersson) . Ca}3e of Good Hope. Table Bay, Cape of Good
Hope. Table Bay, Cape of Good
Hope (E. L. Luyard). Table Bay, Cape of Good
Hope (E. L. Layard). ZouUa, Red Sea, Aug. ( W.
Jesse). Persian Gulf, Sept. " India " (/. Gould Coll.). " India."
Trincomalee, Ceylon (Col. W.
V. Legye). Trincomalee, Ceylon, April
& Oct. {Col. W. V. Legge).
Salangore, Malay Peninsula, Aug. ( W. Davison).
Ratnagiri, S. Konkan, Oct. {G. Vidal).
Karachi, April {Col. E. A. Butler).
Futtehghur {A. Anderson).
Tibet.
Tibet.
(Type of
Sughurchati, July (/. Scully).
Ladak {Strackei/).
Yarkand, May' 25 {Dr. Sto- liczka).
Yarkand, June {Dr. J. Sadly).
Yarkand, Aug. {Dr. Mender- son).
Tarim River, May {St. G. L.).
Tibet, July- Aug. (Z. Mandelli). Native Sikkim, Feb. (Z. Man- delli). Saisan Nor, Turkestan, June. Sarai Gor, Ob, July 10. Schtschutschja, July 20.
Tweeddale Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.
Shelley Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Gould Coll.
E. L. Layard, Esq.
[P.]. H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Dr. T. C. Jerdon
[P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.]. H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. Lord Gifford [P.]. Tweeddale Coll. *S'. tibetana, Saunders.) H. Saunders Coll. India Museum India Museum
Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
[P.].
St. George Little- dale, Esq. [P.]. Hume Coll. Hume Coll.
Dr. 0. Finsch Dr. 0. Finsch Dr. 0. Finsch
0. STERNA.
61
g^, h\ (S 2 ^<i- ; Fio\,Ghotiin{Ge7il.PrJevalskt/).
i'. Juv. sk. A;', l\ cJ 2 ad. Zaidam {Ge7il. Prjevalsky).
m'. (S ad. sk. n*. c? ^■d. sk. o'. Ad. sk. p\ Ad. sk.
5'. (5 ad. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.
s%t\ 6 9- ad.;
?<'. 5 juv. sk. v', ?<;'. c? ad. ;
x^. $ ad. sk. y'. c? ad. sk.
z\ ? ad. sk.
«^. $ juv. sk.
6'. c? juv. sk.
c*^. cJ ad. sk.
d!^. 2 ad. sk.
e^ c? pull.;/^- ^8. 2 pull. sk.
i\ S pull. ; k\ 2 pull.; Z". S juv. sk.
W!**. Juv. sk.
n^-e'.S ad. ;/'-
i*. c? imm. ;
d^-V. ? ad. ;
m^-k^ 2 iuiiii'
sk. r. 2"ad. sk.
m", n^ c? 2 ad. sk.
0". 2 juv. sk.
p^. Imm. St.
y". Imm. sk. r^. 2 imm. sk.
s'. Juv. sk.
i°. Skeleton,
mounted. m", v'. Skeletons,
unmounted.
Koko-nor (Genl. Prjevalsky). Daiiria, June. Hankow, China, autumn. Hudson's Bay {Hudson Bay
Co.). Ipswich, Mass., July {J. May-
nard). Muskegatt Id., Mass., July
{ W. Brewster), Massachusetts, summer {H. W.
Henshmo Coll.). Wood's Hole, Mass.,