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[ 47 7 79 S ]

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- 9 1 XFY. XXVI. XXVIH. X , の: X%6F ※※ XXXIV. XXXVI XXXVII.

SRLRCTED RETLICS OF JAPANRSE ART.

Ve 。V .

CONTENTS.

Miracles of the Deity of Kasuga : two plates (wood-cut and collotype)

Wooden Image of Bodhi-sattva AkAsa-earbha (collotype) Clay hmage of Vajrapani (collotype) .…

Wooden Images of Buddhas and Other Saints in a Portable Shrine (collotype)

Acara (collotype)

Bodhisattva Samantabhadra (wood-cut)

Indra and Varuna, the First and the Fifth of the Twelve Indian Deities : -

two plates (collotype) .… A Mandala two plates (collotype) 生ま Bodhrsattva Samantabhadra of the Long Life (collotype) .… Hsiang-hsiane Ta-shih (collotype)..… Bullock-drivers in the Snow (collotype) Moonlight Scene (collotype) .… Buddha Maha-vairocana (collotype) A Deity,。 Kiyotaki Gongen (woodL-cut).… The Gods of Wind and Thunder (collotype) Wooden Image of Kikara (collotype) Ilustrations to the Sumiyoshi Tales (wood-cut).…… Panoramic History of H6nen Sh6nin :-two plates (collotype) Landscapes two plates (collotype) .… Cowherds (collotype) Bodhi Dharma (collotype) Landscapes (collotype) .… Flowers and Birds : two plates (collotype)

Bunki Mandala (collotype) .…

Rolls Ilustrating the Oriein of the Tayema Mandala : two plates (collotype)

Saihing Vessel in a Storm (collotype) .…

The Famous Eight Scenes in siao and Hsiang (collotype) .… - Landscape (collotype)

Water-fowl two plates (collotype) ..….

Fictures Hustrating the Origin of 6sh6gQ at Nikk6 : -three plates (collotype)

Waterfall (collotype)

Flowers and Birds two plates (wood-cut and collotype) Landscapes : two plates (collotype) ..…

Deer (collotype)

Hsirwang-mu (collotype).…

Boys and Girls Playing (collotype)

Caricature Sketches of the Foxes' Wedding two plates (collotype) .…

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MIRAOCLESN OF THE DEITY OF KASUGA,

(Portions of the 8th and the rsth of twenty rolls, coloured : each roll, 3o feet by T foot 3 9/o inches.) BY TAKAKANE TAKASHINA.

0WNED BY THE IMPRERIAL HOUSEHOLD. (T. WVyOOD-CU〒 : IT. COLLO TYPE .)

The picture rolls of the *Miracles of the Deity of KKasagu (Kasuga Gongen Kenki) were painted by Takakane Taka- Shina。 in I3O9, aS iS said in Vor. vV., where we have mentioned that the rolls, two portions of which are here reproduced, are one of the best, not the best, of all similar works. The fst portion shows how a priest of Kofnkuji。 when he le Nara, where the Kasuga temple iS located, saw in a vision during a moonlight night, the deity of Kasuga approach to express the deep sympathy felt for him. The second portion ustrates the 0 visit to Saigu,a court lady, im a vision, to tell her to present to the priest Kyoyei,。 who Was Very poor and much in need of it,a robe to be worn during the comng GPS of Eight Lectures on Sutras, at the temple of Kasuga. The designs are so minute and detailed and the colouring iS so rich and efective as to be suffcient to win deep admiration. The rolls have been much praised already by old connoisseurs as a Precious Work Dossessing 1imrmense his- torical value, and as having no equal among the many other picture rolls, old and new. We cannot but agree with then in this

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(5 feet 728 inches in height.) ARTIST UNKNOWN.

0WNETD BY TE TE PLE, HO0RINJI, YA ATO、 (COLLO YPE.)

The temple, Hrinji,。 at Midi, in the village of Tomisato, Yamato, was formerly called Mii-dera. The wooden image here_given isS_enshrined in the Kondo, the enta hall of the temple, and is said to be the Bodhi- sattva Akasa-garbha, to whom we have already referred in Vor.r. It js said Sun, ii Moon。 and all the stars of heaven, are incarnations of this Bodhi-sattva, and that his supernatural attribute of mercy and wisdom is boundless : there_ is nothing either in heaven or on earth that he does not understand. _Although this image cannot be judged by the regular standards of Buddhistic image-carving, since js the _production of a Period earlier than the time when esoteric Buddhism was introduced into japam, yet is _form iS somewhat dierent from those innages of Ak4sa-garbha C6HDiGen ly found in thiS country. It js rather like that of Avalo- 5r。 oned by the temple, oryqji (see Vor. vr.).、 As to the date of this image, he 生生 trustworthy tradition。 and accordingly it is a cult question to decide. However, the antiquity and simplicity of the design and the style of the halo, which is shaped lke a Cint4-mani with a support like a bamboo-tree, are all similar to those of the images of Avalokitesvara of H6ryji。 above mentioned, and of Cakravarti-cint4-mani of ChogGji (see Vor. mr.), both of which are believed to be works of Suiko period (Zth century). From this point of view, one would be disposed to say that the image was a production of the same period. Although the execution is not skilful, the image 1S Very Drecious, and of immense value in the staudy of the history of

Japanese art, as there are extant to-day only a few ark-objects executed more than a thousand years ago.

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CLAY IMAGE OF VAJRAPANI

(5 feet 5 inches in height.)

ARTIST UNKNOWN.

0WNETD BY THE TEEPLE TODAIJT, NARA.

(COLLO YEPE.)

The Yaksa Vajrapani (Shi-Kongo-jin) is regarded as a guardian deity of Buddhism. e is sometimes represented with

six arms, fve eyes and three heads: but the image here reproduced is an ordinary human fgure holding a Vajra in ttS right

The hall

It is deposited in a shrine at the northern corner of Sangatsudo, a hall of the temple, Todaiji Nara.

hand.

Emperor Shomu repaired: for Roben,

originally belonged to Roben (died in ZZ3, see Vor. vi.) and was called Konshoji.

and the latter dedicated to the saint Avalokitesvara Amoghapasa (Fuku-kensaku Kwannon).

It is, indeed, the oldest of all

the buildings of TGdaiji and is a fne specimen of the architecture of the Tempyo period (8th century). As the image

was kept in secret and was seldom shown to the public, it has escaped injury, excepting in the designs of the portion repre-

senting the robe, although the fne colouring used for the designs js still clearly to be seen.

The angry expression, the massive

limbs, the well composed attitude, etc., are al in harmony and indicate the unrivalled skill of the artist.

This and the clay

images of Surya, Candra, and Sri, enshrined. in the same hall, and those of the four Maharajas placed in the Kaidan-in (see

Vor. r.) afford most excellent material for the study of the development of clay images in the flowery age of Buddhistic arts.

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WO00DEN IMAGES OF BUDDHAS AND OTHER SAINTS IN A PORTABTE SHRJNE,

6.Bbrne S20MSeked) ARTIST UNKNOWN. 0WNED BY THE TEWPLE, KONGOBUJI, KOYASAN, ET-T. (COLLO〒T YP .)

The portable shrine here reproduced is deposited in the storehouse of art-objects on Koyasan, and is said to have been brought from China by Kobo Daishi, when he returmned home in 8o6. It iS one of the most famous treasures of the temple. The name of the wood used iS not known, but the method of CafrVinr, in respect of the faces and the bodies, 3S worthy of special notice. According to a tradition,the shrine was originally brought from India and represents the scene of Buddha preaching. The central fgure is Sakyamuni and those on the right and the left are Bheshajya-gura (Yakushi) and Amitabha or Bahu-ratna Buddha, though we cannot say which is which. At any rate, this much is certain,、that it was brousht to Japan by Kobo Daishi, but the question as to ran tt is of Indian origin or not, cannot be answered without farther investigation. The faces, robes, garlands, canopies、 and the design of the halos, betray somewhat the influencec of Tndian styles,as do those stone sculptures in the temple, Pao-ching-ssu at Chang-an (Sian) and on Lung- men-shan of Ho-nan, China, and therefore we may infer that the images belong to the Tang dynasty (6r8-923),

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(Kakemono。 coloured : 4 feet 8 inches by 3 feet r % inches) SAID TO BE BY CHISHO DAISHI. 0WNED BY THE TEMPLE, MYO-0.TN, KONGOBUJL KOYASAN, KT-I. (COLLO YP .) The temple grounds of Kongo6buji are on KGyasan, a holy mountain in the province of Kii which is likened to the Land of Bliss of Buddha Maha-Vairocana, and the niddle Se of the grounds, where the great pagoda stands, is com- pared with the abode of the Buddha. It was Kob6 Daishi (ZZ4-835) who inaugurated the grounds and founded the temple, Kongobuji。there. e died at this holy place in 835. Since then, therefore, Emperors from 7 to generation and noble families of olden and of modern times have all paid reverence to the temple, and all classes of People ascend the mount to offer sacrifce. Koyasan iS thus a famous place and consequently the temples possess many holy and valuable artistic treasures, among which the pictures, ' Buddha Amitabha and Twenty-fve Bodhi-sattvas,′ said to be by Yeshin SG6zu (see Vor. rv), and the “Image of Acara, here reproduced, are especially excellent. According to a tradition of the temple, Cnish0 Daishi (8r4-8gr), the founder of the temple, IMii-dera,Omi, painted the innage with blood drawn from his own head, in obedience to a command which he received in a vision at Yogawa. Some hundreds of years later, Emperor Go- Daigo used to worship the image as his guardian deity. However, having become very anxious about the result of the civil war which occured during his reign in 133r, he presented the image to the temple, MyG-6-in, in Kongobuji, to confrm his prayers that peace might soon be restored. As the whole body of the tmage iS red in colour。 iS called the *Red Acara. The touch of the brush is quite unsurpassed, and the supernatural dignity of Acara and his two retainers, KK kara and Cetaka,make their images appear almost like genuine deities。 Whether this was really painted by Chisho Daishi or not, is quite questionable, but it is certain that was done by a high-priest. It is indeed, a rare and Precious treasure of the

nation.

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(Kakemono, coloured , 3 feet 3 inches by 2 feet 5 inches) ARTIIST _ UNKNOWN. 0WNED BY THE IMPERIAL MUSEUM, TOKYO. (VOOD_-CU.)

The Fujiwara period may be said to have been the time when our literature and art reached the most Hourishing state. During that period all classes of people were more or less addicted to literature ) high offcials, nobles, and court ladies especially were busily engaged in verse-making, prose-composition, etc. They had, naturally, a refned taste, and this greatly infHuenced the art of those times, which was noble and graceful.

The fgure of Bodhi-sattva Samantabhadra, here reproduced, is one of the best specimens of the art of the Fujiwara period. Almost all artistic productions of that time are of delicate touch and bright colouring, but such an exceptionally beautiful example as this,can seldom be found. Probably this picture was painted by an artist whose work still retained traces of the characteristics of the Nara period (8th century): that is to say, this is a production of the earlier or middle part of the Fujiwara period (from the latter half of the oth century to the frst half of the rrth), when the school of Kasuga was not yet established. It is greatly to be regretted that the name of the artist who produced such excellent work is not known. Samantabhadra (see Vor. r.) is a saint widely worshipped, and this picture iS one of the best of those that have been found up to the present time, and it js

indeed a national treasure.

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INDRA AND VARUNA, THE FIRST AND THE FTFTH OF THE TWELVE INDIAN DEITIEN.

(Two of a set of twelve Kakemono, coloured : each,4 feet ro ?4 inches by 4 feet 2 inches.) ARTIST UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY THER TRWPLE、 KYO0-0-GOKOKUJI (TOJT), KYOTO. (COLLO YE .)

We have already referred to the “Twelve Deities under the picture *Surya and Chandra。 reproduced in Vor. . We give here two more of the deities , i.e. Indra and Varuna.

Kyo-6-gokokuji is a temple which was dedicated by Emperor Kwanmu (782-8o5). It js the headquarters of the esoteric Buddism of KGb6 Daishi (7Z4-835). Among the treasures owned by the temple, the “Five Saits 65GeSV OO uhder the 8 loka-jit') and the “Twelve Deities*” are the best of all, and 8 said to have been used in the rites which were conducted by Imperial command. The pictures here given are attributed to KKob6 Daishi。 but it iS extremely doubtful this tradition is to be trusted : when we compare them with the pictures of Nagarjuna and of Naeabodhi。 which are known to be the works of Kobo, we can scarcely believe it. In all probability they are later in date than Kob6, and yet, from another point of view, they seem to be earlier than the r2th century. Though more study is required in order to determine the date and the author, may unhesi- tatingly be said that they are works of note, and are excellent contributions to the material at command for the study of the history

of 4apanese art.

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(Portions of a pair of Kakemono, coloured Ir feet 6 inches by 9 feet 9 inches.) ARTIST UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY THE TEWPLE, SENJU-IN, TAKATORT, YA ATO、 (COLLO TYPE.)

Senju-in,。 otherwise known as Kojimadera, was built im 26o by a priest, H6-on, and became famous because of grants made to it by Emperor Kwanmu. A priest of high repute, Shink6, known as “The Sage of Kojima,” lived in this temple. Among his possessionS there are said to have been the two great Madnalas (a circle of pictures) which were brought home from China by Kobo Daishi in 8o6 and used as objects of worship im the temple. One of those two Mandalas is that of Kong6kai (Vajra-dhatu, indicating “Practical Knowledge ”), and the other, Taiz6kai (Garbha-dhatu, indicating “Pure Reason'). THhe pictures here reproduced are two portions of the first Mandala, which is a 0 in gold and silver on a piece of figured purple silk. We cannot but admire the skilful application of the technical art-method, and the highIy cultivated taste exhibited in the Mandala. Itisrather Japanese in tone and spirit。 but as to the date we can ofr no defnite opinion at present, although the fact that Shink6, who lived in the middle of the Fujiwara period (first part of the Trth century) Was in possession of tt,furnishes us with a clue to the latest date we can assign to

According to the esotcric doctrine,Buddha Maha-vairocana combines in himself the twofold faculty: 1e. the Reality of Pure Reason,” and the “Function of Practical Knowledge,” both of which,、in reality, do not admit of defnition by human standards. The frst is generally designated the Garbha-dhatu” (Taizokai) : the second the Vajra-dhatu "(Kong6kai). These are again represcnted mm symbols or picturcs, called Mandala (a circle

of pictures,of which we here give SDecimmens Im reproduction ).

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BODHI-SATTVA SAMANTABHADRA OF THE LONG IIFE,

(Kakemono, coloured : 4 feet 7 inches by 2 feet 2 % inches.) ARTIST UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY THER TEMWPLE, ATSUN 0-0-DERA, TANGO、. (COLLOTYP .)

According to the satras,there are two different representations of this Bodhi-sattva : one has two arms, the right hand grasping a vajra or diamond club, the left holding a bell and sits upon a lotus-Hower which is fxed to the back of an elephant with three heads: the other has twenty arms and also sits on a lotus-fower which is sup- ported by four elephants on each of whose heads stand four Maharajas. The present representation conforms to the former description。 This Bohi-sattva is mostly revercd by the followers of mystic Buddhism who teach that one w enjoy freedom fom disease,-and therefore have a long life, one worships him and ofrs sacrifce to him.

It is the generally accepted belief that this picture was the work of Chang Ssu-kung, a Chinese artist : but, as we have already stated in Vor. rrr, under the picture of' Mayora-vidyaraja, nothing of the life of Ssu-kung is known to us. Some say that he lived during the Northern Sung dynasty (96O-rr26), and others, during the Yuan dynasty (I28o-i36Z). There is no defnite information upon which to base a conclusive opinion. Moreover, the design and the colouring of this picture entirely fr from others which are generally attributed to Chang Ssu- kung : consequently there iS no reasonable ground for believing that this one was executed by him. Its handling is minute and fne: its colouring is brilliant and bold : gold and silver dust are skilfully employed : and the crests on the garments are beautifully reproduced with harmonious exactness. Furthermore, the noble and gracious counte- nance, and the meek and gracious appearance of this Bodhi-sattva produce such an impression that everyone who looks up to him feels his heart led with pious emotion at his dvine power and boundless mercy. So far as technique and style are concerned, the present picture bears the marks of pure japanese art, not of Chinese, and evinces,1n a great measure, the taste of the Kasuga school. It may well have been executed by an able artist at _the end of the Fujiwara period (end of the rith century). Hf any admirer of this picture will place by the side of that of Samantabhadra owned by the Imperial Museum, Tokyo, (see elsewhere in this volume,) and compare the technique and design of both, he wil probably be interested to note certain modifncations which took place im

the development of pictorial art concurrently with similar changes in social conditions.

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(Kakemono, coloured 5 feet 5 inches by 2 feet 8 inches.) ART11TST UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY THER TERMPLE, TODAIJI, NARA。 _ (COLLO TYP .)

Hsiang-hsiang, whose name was Fa-tsang with the second name, sien-shou, began the study of the Buddhist doctrine in his sixteenth year, and learned, from the high-priest Chih-yen, the tenets of the Avatamsaka school. Chih-yen highly esteemed his pupil's eminent attainments in Buddhistic study, declaring that he was the only man who would, in the future, give power to the grand Dharma and cause to fourish forever. Shortly after his preceptor, Chih-yen, died siang-hsiang, by command of Emperor Kao-tsung, gaVve a course of lectures (altogether more than thirty in number) on the Avatamsaka sutra, at Tai-yuan-ji. His fame spread far and wide, and the multitude both ecclesiastics and laymen always crowded to hear him. Later on, when he lectured on the sutra at Vun-hua-ssu, it is said that light issued from his mouth and formed a canopy over his head. In Zor the Empress Dowager, Tse-tien, commanded him to give lectures on the sntra at Eo-shou-chi-ssu,。in the Eastern capital. During one of these lectures a miracle occured : the earth trembled violently for a fw minutes and then, suddenly, all motion ceased. On the same day as the miracle, the Empress Dowager summoned Hsiang-hsiang to her palace and asked hinn several questions about the secret of the Avatamsaka doctrine : every onc of his anSWwers Was 5 profound and penetrating that she was astonished at his unparalleled learning and greatly admired his wonderful wisdom. When Tu-shun, who had promulgated his exposition of the Avatamsaka Dharma-dhatu, died in 64O, his doctrine was ebcd by his disciple, Chih-yen (mentioned above), and fronn him Was handed down by Hsiang-hsiang to his followers. After several decades rt was widely propagated by Teng-kuan, who lived in the midqdle of the 8th century. Later on, scholars who followed this doctrine formed a sect which they called ' Hsien-shou, using the second name of Hsiane-hsiang Ta-shih.

The picture here given represents the saint as delivering the lecture at Yun-hua-ssu during which occured the miracle of the light issuing from his mouth and forming a canopy above his head. It iS evident, from the writing over the figure, that the picture was executed in Ir85, by an artist of Chin, China. Although there are many Chimese pictares treasured in our country, it is seldonm that thcy bear such exact and credible information as to thc date of their execution as this does. Moreover, the forceful use of the brush and

the unique desicn, make this picture really a remarkable treasure, as it combines a suggestion of ively action with the holy and Venerablc

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BULLOOK-DRIVERSN IN THE SNOW.

(A pair of IKKakemono, monochrome sketches : each, 93% inches by 9 inches.) BY TLI TI (CHINESE).

0WNED BY Mr. TAKASHTI WASUDA, TOKY0. (COLLO YE .)

These two pictures of bullock-drivers in the snow are the work of ,a reputable artist during the Sung .dynasty of China (towards the end of the iz2th century), and a distinguished member of the Picture Bureau. According to the History of Arts, he was a native of Ho-yang and was skilfal in copying Nature, especially birds and, above all, the lively aspect of a playful dog. During the reign of two Emperors, siao- _tSung and Kuang-tsung,he was appointed an ofcial of the Imperial Picture Bureau. The pictures here re- produced are, no doubt,among his noblest productions.。 The e ct of a broad landscape is indicated on a small canvas,and remarkable technique isS manifested by his strong and healthy use of the brush : the latter accom- phishment was peculiar to himself and certainly in it he was unequalled by any of his contemporaries. It is to be particularly noticed that he signs one picture (the left) on a snowbank between two trees, and the other (the right) on the dyke in the lower right-hand corner. When signing their pictures it was the custom with artists in ancient times, especially during the Sung and the Yuan dynasties, to write the name in an inconsDicuous place, for example, in a crevice of rocks or the like, lest they should spoil the picture by bad Penmanship. Yun-in, who lived during the Yuan dynasty and was one of the four most distinguished artists of the time, was pre-eminent in painting landscapes and was also clever in chirography , was he who introduced the custom of writing a poem, a reference, or at any rate- one's own name im a conspicuous place on the canvas. The place of Li Tis signature, in accordance with the custom followed before the Yuan dydasty, is another indication of the pictures'authenticity. According to a tradition, these pictures formerly belonged to the Sh6gun, Yoshimasa Ashikaga (r444-I473), and were well known to all dilettante of those days. Mr. Masuda was very fortunate

In securing such a treasure, and we are also fortunate in bsinz psrmitted to reproduce them in our publication.

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UKakemono, slightly-coloured foot ro inches by rr inches.) BY MA YUAN (CHINESE )

0WNED BY WARQUIS NAGASHTGE KURODA. (COLLOTYPE .)

Yuam, whose second name was Chun-shan, was an artist of the Picture Bureau under the successive reigns of Emperors KKuang-tsung and Ning-tsung (rrgo-1224) of the Sung, Southern, dynasty, China. Having excelled in every branch of painting, landscapes, human figures, fowers and birds, etc., the fame of being the artist 2z erceZezce of the whole bureau was unanimously conferred upon him. The sketch reproduced here is admitted by authorities to be one of his genuine pieces, and in it are combined his characteristic boldness in conception and his surpassing technique. Truly, one can clearly trace his originality on even so small a canvas as this! Projecting rocks, stately pines, the clear moon hanging in the calm autumnal sky as upheld by the hand of Nature herself, the poet reclining at the foot of a tree in an ecstasy of love for Nature and for the melody for his own sweet songs all these unite to inspire even one who casts but a glance at the charming scene. No one would hesitate to say that such a fne specimen of the pictorial art could hardly have been equalled even by one of the masterpieces of Hsia Kuei, whose repu- tation at that time was so widely known. Thanks to the introductiom into our country of this picture and others similar to , many Japanese painters of that period became imbued with the true essence of Chinese art! Shubun, Sessha, and-in fact all the followers of the KanG school owe much of their inspiration to no other source than just such works as this. Indeed the picture is to be prized not only as a relic of the Sung dynasty, but further because it can be reasonably claimed that it was one of the progenitors of the several schools which have played such innport-

ant parts in the development of Japanese pictorial art.

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(Kakemono, coloured 2 feet Io 58 inches by ri foot 2 2 inches.) .ARTIST _ UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY THE TERMPTLE、 ZRNJU.IN, KOYASAN, KI-L. (COLLOT YE .)

Kobo Daisht (ZZ4-835), whose personal name was Kukai, was the founder of the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism. He went to China and studied under Acharaya ('The Master ) Hui-kuo in a temple, Ching-lung-ssu, at Chang-an, the capital of the Tang dynasty。 When he returned home in 8o6, he forthwith procesded to propagate the esoteric doctrine in which he had become well versed as a result of his long study i China. Thereupon students thronged to him from all quarters: while learned priests of all the other sects then extant joined in opposing the doctrine of Kakai. Emperor Saga invited to his court represent- ative prelates of all sects to take part in a sacred iscussion with KGkai. When at court, the latter proceeded to propound his doctrine and maintaincd that one can attain to Buddhahood in the present Hife) which theory aroused a still greater storm of opposition from all sides. 1n spite of all this, Kakai would not concede anything to his opponents and the basis of his argument seemed to be firmer and more exact than theirs. Whereuon the Emperor expressed his desire to see proof of the possibility of attaining to Buddhahood in the present body. This request was wilingly complied with by Kakai, who at once entered Sama4dhi (the condition of meditation) and caused the diadems of the fve DhyAni Buddhas to appear on his head, with the fve rays of eoloured light streaming from them. His form and attributes proved to be those of Buddha Maha-vairocana in all his glory and splendour. The Emperor then descended from the throne and worshipped him, and all the assembled courtiers did the same. All the disputants were thereby silenced and, not only that, they all showed their respect by stretching forth folded hands toward the Buddha before them.

The picture here reproduced is said to be that of Maha-vairocana,the transformation of Kakai on that occasion : and is generally called the Buddha of the Religious Debate with the Eight Sects.” It js, therefore, highly treasured by the Shingon sect, founded by Kukai,and is never shown to the public. The resident priest of Zenju-in is permitted, only once in his ie, to open the shrine and worship the picture. According to a tradition of the temple, the painting is by Kobo himself: but since tt was intended to glorify the miracle wrought by ob6, is highly impropable that the worker of that miracle should seek to perpetuate the fact in such a way. Moreover, judging from the design and the method of treatment。 we cannot attribute it to the KKonin period (beginning of the oth century): but we can class it with some of the works of two or three centuries ]ater, perhaps of the frst part of the Kamakura period (from the end of the i2th to the fst part of the r3th century). On the whole we observe some signs of the art-method of the Kasuga school. he noble countenance and the graceful form, together with the fne and minute treatment, as well as the skilful use of gold jines :- all these combine to make a production which is entitled to

a place in the frst rank of sacred pictures.

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A DEITY, KIYOTAKT GONGEN,

(Hanging tablet, coloured : 2 feet kI inches by foot 5 inches.) ARTIST_ UNKNOWN.

0WNED BY VISCOUTNT MITSUAKI TANAKA. (WOOD-CU))

According to fradition this divine creature, Kiyotaki Gongen, passed to ]apan, guarding the vessel on which Keb6 Daishi returned from China i 8o6, and rested at Daigo, in the yicinity of Kyoto, where she was worshipped as the patron deity of the monastery, Daigoji receiving the veneration of the entire populace. The present picture iS said to have been preserved in the temple, Sanbo-in, Daigoji. No tradition, however, exists as to its author: yet it may be concluded,from the writing above the fizure, that it was executed i e frst year of Genkyu (r2o4), and that belongs to the early part of the Kamakura period (beginning of the r3th century ). In the characteristics of fne style and efctive colouring, this picture resembles the roll,*The Diary of Murasaki Shikibu (see Vor. rv.), which is attributed to Nobuzane Fujiwara (beginning of.the_i3th century). ftherefore, the above-mentioned roll is really the work of Nobuzane, the present picture must also have been painted either by Nobuzane himself or, certainly,by an artist belonging to his school. The exquisite reproductions of cherry-fHowers in gold, in the upper and lower parts, and the delicate taste displayed in the landscape, trees, fowls, etc., depicted on the representations of sliding-screens, clearly demonstrate the style and design of the paint- ings of that period.

Kiyotaki Gongen is believed by some to be the incarnation of the Cundi Avalokitesvara : but, according to other authorities。 she iS said to be the third daughter of the Sagala Nagaraja. The present picture was, however, painted in the figure and costume of japanese ladies of the nobility at the time : hence it does not have any of the features of Chinese or Indian deities、as is commonly the case with pictures of Devas. It is, for this reason, to be highjy esteemed as valaable material for illustrating the style of garments worn by Japanese womcn in ancient times,and also as giving us a good idea of the interior decoration of dwelling-houses some hundreds

of years ago: While,at the same time, it gives us interesting hints of court-iife and social customs in those days.

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THE GODS OF WIND AND THUNDER

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ANGEND0) KYOTO.

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WO0ODEN IMAGE OF KINKARA, (One of eight images of the attendants upon Acara: 3 feet T inch in height.) SAID TO BE BY UNKEL

0WNED BY THE TRWLPLE, KONGOBUJT, KOYASAYN, KILL

(COLLO TYP.)

Acara is said to have eight attendants,。 Anavadatta, Kikara, Cetaka。 Ln 1 ott ers of whom

1 ara and Cet a alway found accomf Sa

ーー ice he _of ka hich is believed to 1 ork of Unkei,a

century). The chisel D and the form and fnish arc perfect he si

the young Yaksa is well represented : and all these characteristics indicate that it was the work

of a master hand. The artist was perhaps a pupil of Unkei, or of one of his descendants. In any case, this together with all the other seven are rare treasures, and well worthy of note among

the possession of Koyasan.

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ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE SUMIYOSHT TATES,

(Portion of a roll, coloured : io feet 8 inches by r foot.) SAID TO BE BY NAGATAKA FUTIIWARA.

0WNED BY THE IMPERIAL MUSEU TOKYO. (WOOD-CU〒))

There are some tales, called ' Sumiyoshi Monogatai one Of which runs as follows : In olden times there lived in KyGto, a nobleman who had a daughter of exceptional beauty. Her own mother was dead, and her stepmother、who was jealous of her beauty, treated her very cruelly. Lamenting this sad circumstance,the gtrl left her unhappy home and wander- cd about over the country until she came to a village on the shore of Sumiyoshi, bay in the Province of Settsu, where, for sonie time, she passed a miserable 1i There was a certain young majorsgeneral who Hkewise lived in Kyoto where he often saw the young lady. He fell in love with her and Was, naturally。greatly concerned at her disappearance : and, on hearing that his beloved tarried at Sumiyoshi。 he went at once tO_the cottage in which she was living and brought her back to Kyoto. There the two lovers were married and afterwards enjoyed a happy and prosperous life.” The roll, from which the present picture ustrating this story is taken, is very mous for having been executed by Nagataka: but it js greatly to be regretted that the roll is no longer intact, pieces of it being preserved in a number of difrent places. The picture here given is copied from that portion of the original roll which is kept in the Immperial Museum, Tokyo.

Nagataka Fujiwara Was appointed Governor of Echizen, but after a me he abandoned offcial life and entered the priesthood and called himself H6gen KKwaishin,as he had been advanced to the order of Hogen. He had great skill in painting birds and beasts, owers aud trees, and his pictures are highly esteemed by the world. The date of his death is not exactly known, but it iS probable that he lived in the latter part of the i3th century.

There are two rolls actually existing, in whole or in parts, which are attributed to Nagataka : they are the “His- torical Ficture of the Mongol lnvasion of Japan (which is said to have been painted with the colaboration of his son, Naga-aki) and the present one: namely,the *Sumiyoshi Tales.′ Comparing them with each other, we fnd there js quite a marked diference in the method of treating the subjects. owever, as there is no other evidence than tradition upDon which to base a conclusion, it iS very ffcult to decide whether both of them are authentic pictures by Nagataka, or not. At any rate, we see that the use of the brush in this picture iS very frm and strong。 and that the whole spirit is unusually vigorous. In these pre-eminent points this is surpasscd by no other roll。the treatment of the others being generally charac-

terised by mere elegance and delicacy.

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